Philosophy of Blockchain Technology - Ontologies

Sfetcu, Nicolae Philosophy of Blockchain Technology - Ontologies., 2019 [Preprint]

[thumbnail of Philosophy_of_blockchain_technology-Nicolae_Sfetcu-GMM.pdf]
Preview
Text
Philosophy_of_blockchain_technology-Nicolae_Sfetcu-GMM.pdf

Download (453kB) | Preview
Alternative locations: https://doi.org/10.58679/MM73548

English abstract

About the necessity and usefulness of developing a philosophy specific to the blockchain technology, emphasizing on the ontological aspects. After an Introduction that highlights the main philosophical directions for this emerging technology, in Blockchain Technology I explain the way the blockchain works, discussing ontological development directions of this technology in Designing and Modeling. The next section is dedicated to the main application of blockchain technology, Bitcoin, with the social implications of this cryptocurrency. There follows a section of Philosophy in which I identify the blockchain technology with the concept of heterotopia developed by Michel Foucault and I interpret it in the light of the notational technology developed by Nelson Goodman as a notational system. In the Ontology section, I present two developmental paths that I consider important: Narrative Ontology, based on the idea of order and structure of history transmitted through Paul Ricoeur's narrative history, and the Enterprise Ontology system based on concepts and models of an enterprise, specific to the semantic web, and which I consider to be the most well developed and which will probably become the formal ontological system, at least in terms of the economic and legal aspects of blockchain technology. In Conclusions I am talking about the future directions of developing the blockchain technology philosophy in general as an explanatory and robust theory from a phenomenologically consistent point of view, which allows testability and ontologies in particular, arguing for the need of a global adoption of an ontological system for develop cross-cutting solutions and to make this technology profitable.

Item type: Preprint
Keywords: philosophy, blockchain, blockchain technology, ontologies, bitcoin
Subjects: L. Information technology and library technology > LH. Computer and network security.
Depositing user: Nicolae Sfetcu
Date deposited: 06 Nov 2023 10:27
Last modified: 06 Nov 2023 10:27
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10760/44995

References

Aaldijk, Rob, and Erik Vermeulen. 2001. “Modelleren van Organisaties -- Nieuwe Methoden En Technieken Leiden Tot Beter Inzicht.” http://api.ning.com/files/rgM-chfmWQA57MkWjSFxZ7XWLp0A7Ywf0KgaZUNxl0O1OMj*TRFOkPpXb7-Kj7nNa7YRcC-jXrY6w4gl0JkcWvxytMNf9aB2/Aaldijk.pdf.

Allison, Ian. 2015. “Decentralised Government Project Bitnation Offers Refugees Blockchain IDs and Bitcoin Debit Cards.” International Business Times UK. 2015. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/decentralised-government-project-bitnation-offers-refugees-blockchain-ids-bitcoin-debit-cards-1526547.

Antonopoulos, Andreas M. 2014. Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. 1 edition. Sebastopol CA: O’Reilly Media.

Aste, Tomaso, Paolo Tasca, and Tiziana di Matteo. 2017. “Blockchain Technologies: The Foreseeable Impact on Society and Industry.” Computer 50: 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2017.3571064.

Back, Sidechains Adam, Matt Corallo, Luke Dashjr, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell, Andrew Miller, Andrew Poelstra, and Jorge Timón. 2014. “Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged.” In .

Berners-Lee, Tim. 2000. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. HarperCollins.

Berners-Lee, Tim. 2004. “Semantic Web.” ResearchGate. 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307845029_Tim_Berners-Lee’s_Semantic_Web.

Berners-Lee, Tim. 2007. “Q&A with Tim Berners-Lee - Bloomberg.” 2007. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-04-09/q-and-a-with-tim-berners-leebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice.

Bhaskar, Nirupama Devi, and David LEE Kuo Chuen. 2015. “Bitcoin Mining Technology.” In Handbook of Digital Currency, edited by David Lee Kuo Chuen, 45–65. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802117-0.00003-5.

Böhme, Rainer, Christin Nicolas, Edelman Benjamin, and Tyler Moore. 2015. “Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance.” https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.2.213.

Borisenkova, Anna. 2010. “Narrative Refiguration of Social Events: Paul Ricoeur’s Contribution to Rethinking the Social.” Études Ricoeuriennes / Ricoeur Studies 1 (1): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.5195/errs.2010.37.

Brito, Jerry, and Andrea Castillo. 2016. Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers. 2 edition. Arlington, Virginia: Mercatus Center at George Mason University.

Buterin, Vitalik. 2015. “On Public and Private Blockchains.” 2015. https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/07/on-public-and-private-blockchains/.

Calvery, Jennifer Shasky. 2013. “Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director Financial Crimes Enforcement Network United States Department of the Treasury Before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs.” https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/20131118.pdf.

Christidis, K., and M. Devetsikiotis. 2016. “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things.” IEEE Access 4: 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339.

Dainton, Marianne, and Elaine D Zelley. 2011. Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications.

D-Cent. 2015. “Tools for Democratic Participation and Citizen Empowerment.” https://dcentproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/publishable-summary-10-2015-for-web.pdf.

Department Of Defense (DOD) Records Management (RM). 1995. “Reader’s Guide to IDEF0 Function Models.” https://www.archives.gov/files/era/pdf/rmsc-19951006-dod-rm-function-and-information-models.pdf.

Dietz, Jan. 1996. “Introductie Tot DEMO.” http://www.fredvroom.nl/Downloads/Introductie%20tot%20DEMO%20-%20Prof.%20Dr.%20Ir.%20J.L.G.%20Dietz.pdf.

Dietz, Jan L. G. 2001. “DEMO: Towards a Discipline of Organisation Engineering.” European Journal of Operational Research 128: 351–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00077-1.

Dietz, Jan L. G. 2006. Enterprise Ontology: Theory and Methodology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. //www.springer.com/la/book/9783540291695.

Dietz, Jan L. G., and Terry A. Halpin. 2004. “Using DEMO and ORM in Concert: A Case Study.” In Advanced Topics in Database Research, Vol. 3. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-255-8.ch011.

Dignum, Frank, and Jan Dietz. 1997. “Communication Modeling, The Language/Action Perspective. Second International Workshop on Communication Modeling.” https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7dd5/7b8af197433f295ef553f88e3b361b1a383e.pdf.

Dupont, Quinn. 2017. “Blockchain Identities: Notational Technologies for Control and Management of Abstracted Entities.” 2017. https://philarchive.org.

Enderton, Herbert. 2001. “A Mathematical Introduction to Logic - 2nd Edition.” 2001. https://www.elsevier.com/books/a-mathematical-introduction-to-logic/enderton/978-0-08-049646-7.

Fallon, Richard, and Simon Polovina. 1982. “REA Analysis of SAP HCM; Some Initial Findings.” http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1040/paper4.pdf.

Feilmayr, Christina, and Wolfram Wöß. 2016. “An Analysis of Ontologies and Their Success Factors for Application to Business.” Data & Knowledge Engineering 101: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2015.11.003.

Fine, Kit. 2001. “The Question of Realism.” Philosophers’ Imprint 1: 1–30.

FIPS PUBS. 1993. “FIPS Publication 183 Released of IDEFØ December 1993 by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).” http://www.idef.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/idef0.pdf.

Fisher, Walter R. 1984. “Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument.” Communication Monographs 51 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758409390180.

Flores, Fernando, Michael Graves, Brad Hartfield, and Terry Winograd. 1988. “Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational Interaction.” ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 6 (2): 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1145/45941.45943.

Foucault, Michel, and Jay Miskowiec. 1986. “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics 16 (1): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/464648.

Fox, Mark Stephen, and Michael Grüninger. 1998. “Enterprise Modeling.” ResearchGate. 1998. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220604924_Enterprise_Modeling.

Fox, M.S. 1992. “The TOVE Project: Towards A Common-Sense Model of the Enterprise.” http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/enterprise-modelling/papers/fox-tove-uofttr92.pdf.

Gervais, Arthur, Ghassan Karame, and Vedran Capkun. 2015. “Is Bitcoin a Decentralized Currency?” ResearchGate. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270802537_Is_Bitcoin_a_Decentralized_Currency.

Glaser, Florian, and Luis Bezzenberger. 2015. “Beyond Cryptocurrencies - A Taxonomy of Decentralized Consensus Systems.” Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2015, Münster, Germany, May 26-29. https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000073771.

Goldkuhl, Goran. 1995. “Information as Action and Communication, The Infological Equation.” http://www.vits.org/publikationer/dokument/145.pdf.

Goodman, Nelson. 1968. Languages of Art. Bobbs-Merrill.

Gray, Marley. 2016. “Introducing Project Bletchley and Elements of Blockchain Born in the Microsoft Cloud.” 2016. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/bletchley-blockchain/.

Gruber, Thomas. 1994. “Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing.” ResearchGate. 1994. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2626138_Toward_Principles_for_the_Design_of_Ontologies_Used_for_Knowledge_Sharing.

Gruber, Tom. 1992. “What Is an Ontology?” 1992. http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html.

Gruber, Tom. 1993. “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications.” 1993. http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.htm.

Gruber, Tom. 2008. “Ontology.” 2008. http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontology-definition-2007.htm.

Guarino, Nicola. 1998. “Formal Ontology and Information Systems.” https://klevas.mif.vu.lt/~donatas/Vadovavimas/Temos/OntologiskaiTeisingasKoncepcinisModeliavimas/papildoma/Guarino98-Formal%20Ontology%20and%20Information%20Systems.pdf.

Guarino, Nicola, and Chris Welty. 2000. “Ontological Analysis of Taxonomic Relationships.” ResearchGate. 2000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2637003_Ontological_Analysis_of_Taxonomic_Relationships.

Halpin, Harry, and Alexandre Monnin. 2014. “Philosophical Engineering: Toward a Philosophy of the Web.” Wiley.Com. 2014. https://www.wiley.com/en-ro/Philosophical+Engineering%3A+Toward+a+Philosophy+of+the+Web-p-9781118700181.

Hardjono, Thomas, Alexander Lipton, and Alex Pentland. 2018. “Towards a Design Philosophy for Interoperable Blockchain Systems.” ResearchGate. 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325168344_Towards_a_Design_Philosophy_for_Interoperable_Blockchain_Systems.

Hayek, Friedrich von. 1976. “Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined.” https://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/denationalisation.pdf.

Huňka, František, and Jaroslav Zacek. 2015. “A New View of REA State Machine.” ResearchGate. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277942361_A_new_view_of_REA_state_machine.

Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. 2017. “The Truth About Blockchain.” Harvard Business Review, 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain.

Institute for Blockchain Studies. 2016. “Blockchain Philosophy - Institute for Blockchain Studies Website.” 2016. http://blockchainstudies.org/BlockchainPhilosophy.html.

Kaplan, David M. 2006. “Paul Ricoeur and the Philosophy of Technology.” Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 16 (1/2): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2006.182.

Kim, Henry M., Mark S. Fox, and Michael Gruninger. 1995. “An Ontology of Quality for Enterprise Modelling.” In , 105. IEEE Computer Society. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=832309.837247.

Kim, Henry M., and Marek Laskowski. 2016. “Towards an Ontology-Driven Blockchain Design for Supply Chain Provenance.” ArXiv:1610.02922 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02922.

Koskinen, Minna. 2000. “Process Perspectives. In: Metamodeling and Method Engineering.” http://users.jyu.fi/~jpt/ME2000/Me14/sld004.htm.

Kostakis, Vasilis, Michel Bauwens, and Vasilis Niaros. 2015. “Urban Reconfiguration after the Emergence of Peer-to-Peer Infrastructure: Four Future Scenarios with an Impact on Smart Cities.” In Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies, edited by Daniel Araya, 116–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137377203_8.

Kostakis, Vasilis, and Chris Giotitsas. 2014. “The (A)Political Economy of Bitcoin.” ResearchGate. 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287241993_The_APolitical_Economy_of_Bitcoin.

Kroll, Joshua A., Ian C. Davey, and Edward W. Felten. 2013. “The Economics of Bitcoin Mining , or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries.” In .

Kruijff, Joost de, and Hans Weigand. 2017. “Understanding the Blockchain Using Enterprise Ontology.” Springerprofessional.De. 2017. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/understanding-the-blockchain-using-enterprise-ontology/12328482.

Lakoff, Johnson, and Mark Johnson. 2003. “Metaphors We Live.” 2003. https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo3637992.html.

Leondes, Cornelius T., and Richard Henry Frymuth Jackson. 1992. Manufacturing and Automation Systems: Techniques and Technologies. Academic Press.

Lerner, Sergio Damian. 2016. “Drivechains, Sidechains and Hybrid 2-Way Peg Designs.” https://assets.ctfassets.net/sdlntm3tthp6/resource-asset-r404/622892f62ff64478171612868cfe0ec1/1d111198-09df-4d7b-bbc2-42b724378697.pdf.

List, Christian, and Philip Pettit. 2011. Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Corporate Agents. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591565.001.0001/acprof-9780199591565.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2007. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, Third Edition. University of Notre Dame Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/52441.

McCarthy, William E. 1982. “The REA Accounting Model: A Generalized Framework for Accounting Systems in a Shared Data Environment.” The Accounting Review 57 (3): 554–78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/246878.

Meretoja, Hanna. 2014. “Narrative and Human Existence: Ontology, Epistemology, and Ethics.” New Literary History 45 (1): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2014.0001.

Miscione, Gianluca, and Donncha Kavanagh. 2015. “Bitcoin and the Blockchain: A Coup D’État through Digital Heterotopia?” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2624922. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2624922.

Morris, David Z. 2016. “Leaderless, Blockchain-Based Venture Capital Fund Raises $100 Million, And Counting.” Fortune. 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/05/15/leaderless-blockchain-vc-fund/.

Morris, Kelly. 2015. “Aiding Refugees? Yes, The Blockchain Can Do That And More.” Huffington Post (blog). 2015. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-jun-rowley/aiding-refugees-yes-the-b_b_8149762.html.

Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.

Narayanan, Arvind, Joseph Bonneau, Edward Felten, Andrew Miller, and Steven Goldfeder. 2016. Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction. Princeton University Press.

Nian, Lam Pak, and David Lee Kuo Chuen. 2015. “A Light Touch of Regulation for Virtual Currencies | Request PDF.” ResearchGate. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286055684_A_Light_Touch_of_Regulation_for_Virtual_Currencies.

Object Management Group. 2000. “ObjectConstraintLanguage Specification.” http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~tinelli/classes/5810/Spring08/Papers/OCL_1.5.pdf.

Object Management Group. 2006. “Object Constraint Language - OMG Available Specification - Version 2.0.” http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/courses/02291/files/OCL2.0_06_05_01.pdf.

Pellauer, David, and Bernard Dauenhauer. 2002. “Paul Ricoeur.” https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/ricoeur/.

Popper, Nathaniel. 2017. “A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No Capitalist.” The New York Times, 2017, sec. Business. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/dealbook/crypto-ether-bitcoin-currency.html.

Purvis, Martin, and Stephen Cranefield. 1999. “UML as an Ontology Modelling Language.” https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/932.

Raval, Siraj. 2016. Decentralized Applications: Harnessing Bitcoin’s Blockchain Technology. O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Reijers, Wessel, and Mark Coeckelbergh. 2018. “The Blockchain as a Narrative Technology: Investigating the Social Ontology and Normative Configurations of Cryptocurrencies.” Philosophy & Technology 31 (1): 103–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0239-x.

Ricoeur, Paul. 1988. “Time and Narrative, Volume 3, Ricoeur, Blamey, Pellauer.” 1988. https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo3711629.html.

Ricoeur, Paul. 1990. Time and Narrative, Volume 1. Translated by Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer. 1 edition. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Rowland, Robert C. 1988. “The Value of the Rational World and Narrative Papradigms.” Central States Speech Journal 39 (3–4): 204–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510978809363250.

Searle, John. 2006. “Social Ontology: Some Basic Principles.”

Searle, John. 2010. Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195396171.001.0001/acprof-9780195396171.

Smith, Barry. 2004. “Beyond Concepts: Ontology as Reality Representation.” In Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS), edited by Achille C. Varzi and Laure Vieu, 1–12.

Spector-Mersel, Gabriela. 2010. “Narrative Research: Time for a Paradigm.” Narrative Inquiry 20 (1): 204–24. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20.1.10spe.

Strawson, Galen. 2004. “Against Narrativity.” Ratio 17 (4): 428–452.

Swan, Melanie. 2015. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Swan, Melanie, and Primavera de Filippi. 2017. “Toward a Philosophy of Blockchain: A Symposium: Introduction.” Metaphilosophy 48 (5): 603–619.

Szabo, Nick. 1997. “Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks.” First Monday 2 (9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v2i9.548.

Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. 2016. “Here’s Why Blockchains Will Change the World.” Fortune. 2016. http://fortune.com/2016/05/08/why-blockchains-will-change-the-world/.

Tapscott, Don, Alex Tapscott, and Jeff Cummings. 2017. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies Is Changing the World. Unabridged edition. Brilliance Audio.

Tasca, Paolo, and Claudio J. Tessone. 2017. “Taxonomy of Blockchain Technologies. Principles of Identification and Classification.” ArXiv:1708.04872 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.04872.

Taylor, Charles. 1971. “Interpretation and the Sciences of Man.” The Review of Metaphysics 25 (1): 3–51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20125928.

The Economist. 2015. “The Great Chain of Being Sure about Things.” The Economist, 2015. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/10/31/the-great-chain-of-being-sure-about-things.

The Economist. 2016. “Not-so-Clever Contracts.” Internet Archive. 2016. https://archive.org/details/perma_cc_QNH7-5BJZ.

The Economist. 2018. “Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies Are Useless.” The Economist, 2018. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/08/30/bitcoin-and-other-cryptocurrencies-are-useless.

Totland, Terje. 1997. “Toronto Virtual Enterprise (TOVE).” http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0523.htm.

Trottier, Leo. (2013) 2018. Historical Repository of Satoshi Nakamoto’s Original Bitcoin. C++. https://github.com/trottier/original-bitcoin.

Van Nuffel, Dieter, Hans Mulder, and Steven Van Kervel. 2009. “Enhancing the Formal Foundations of BPMN by Enterprise Ontology.” In Advances in Enterprise Engineering III, edited by Antonia Albani, Joseph Barjis, and Jan L. G. Dietz, 115–29. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Vernadat, F. B. 1997. “Enterprise Modelling Languages.” In Enterprise Engineering and Integration: Building International Consensus Proceedings of ICEIMT ’97, International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology, Torino, Italy, October 28–30, 1997, edited by Kurt Kosanke and James G. Nell, 212–24. Research Reports Esprit. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60889-6_24.

W3C, W3C. 2013. “W3C Semantic Web Activity Homepage.” 2013. https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/.

Wang, Yan, Antonia Albani, and Joseph Barjis. 2011. “Transformation of DEMO Metamodel into XML Schema.” In Advances in Enterprise Engineering V, edited by Antonia Albani, Jan L. G. Dietz, and Jan Verelst, 46–60. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

WEF Financial Services. 2016. “The Future of Financial Infrastructure. An Ambitious Look at How Blockchain Can Reshape Financial Services. Technical Report, WEF, 2016.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_future_of_financial_infrastructure.pdf.

Whitten, Jeffrey L., Lonnie D. Bentley, and Kevin C. Dittman. 2004. Systems Analysis and Design Methods. McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Wood, D. 2014. “Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger.” In .

Young, Sherman. 1998. “’Of Cyber Spaces: The Internet & Heterotopias.” 1998. http://journal.media-culture.org.au/9811/hetero.php.


Downloads

Downloads per month over past year

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item