Information Sources on
Pakistani Librarianship
by
Khalid Mahmood
Published in: Pakistan Library
Bulletin, 29 (3-4), 1998, pp. 25-38.
Abstract
The article introduces researchers and students of library
and information science with the information sources on Pakistani librarianship
and information work. It reviews bibliographies, catalogues, lists of theses,
periodicals, indexes, abstracts, review articles, library directories,
and biographical works published on the subject. Glossaries of library
science terms in Urdu and works on Pakistani librarianship included in
the international reference sources are also introduced.
Introduction
In 1997, Pakistan has completed fifty years of its life.
Research in the field of librarianship has a long history in Pakistan.
As early as 1915, thirty-two years before the birth of Pakistan, Asa Don
Dickinson, an American librarian and pupil of Melvil Dewey, established
the first library school at the University of the Punjab. He started library
research by writing Punjab Library Primer [1] which
is the first treatise ever printed on librarianship in this part of the
world. The work of Dickinson has much influence on the profession in Pakistan
and during the later years a significant number of books and periodicals
have been published on librarianship.
Non availability of literature resources has always
been considered as one of the major hindrances in library research in Pakistan
(For example discussions of Asghar [2], Usmani [3],
Rizvi [4] and Haider [5]). Due
to the lack of financial resources Pakistani libraries dealing in the subject
of library and information science can not afford very costly foreign books
and journals. The situation becomes more critical when researchers do have
a poor knowledge about available local resources in the country. A dire
need has been felt to provide literature guidance for library researchers.
This article is intended to provide useful information
about literature resources to all local and foreign researchers having
interest in various topics of Pakistani librarianship and information services.
The article will also be helpful for working librarians and teachers and
students of library and information science to keep them up with the developments
in the field.
Bibliographies and Catalogues
Bibliography is always the best way to control the literature
published on any subject. Retrospective materials on librarianship have
been fully covered by a series of bibliographies compiled in Pakistan.
In this respect, the Department of Library Science, University of Karachi
has done a lot. The first bibliography was published under the title Ten
Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan by Anis Khurshid [6].
This was superseded by Librarianship in Pakistan : Fifteen Years’ Work
(1947-62) by Anis Khurshid and Syed Irshad Ali [7].
It provides references on Pakistani librarianship and its related subjects,
both printed and mimeographed within and outside Pakistan. While the major
portion of these references are drawn from the English language publications,
a good deal of entries are also included from the two national languages,
i.e., Urdu and Bengali. In 1971, Five Years’ Work in Librarianship in
Pakistan 1963-67 was presented by Zahiruddin as his master’s thesis
at the University of Karachi [8]. This work was
later upgraded by bringing the coverage to 1972 and issued as an independent
publication entitled, Ten Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan,
1963-1972 [9]. Another master’s thesis, Librarianship
in Pakistan, extending the coverage up to 1974, was presented by Azra
Tahir in 1975 at University of Karachi [10]. However,
this work was later superseded by Zahiruddin’s Ten Years’ Work in Librarianship
in Pakistan, 1973-1982 [11]. This series of
bibliographies was continued by Syed Irshad Ali when, in his compilation,
he covered the period of 1983 to 1990 [12]. A list
of books and periodicals published by Pakistan Library Association was
provided by Aqila Naz [13]. Another list of 39
books on librarianship published in Pakistan during 1948 to 1973 has been
included by Siddiqui in his book Library Development in Pakistan[14].
These bibliographies include references of books, unpublished theses, journal
and newspaper articles, and reports and almost completely cover the period
from the birth of Pakistan, i.e., 1947 to 1990. These bibliographies can
serve as basic tools for approaching literature on Pakistani librarianship.
There are also examples of bio-bibliographies published
in the field of librarianship in Pakistan. Works of Dr. Anis Khurshid have
been enlisted in some books. Dr. Anis Khurshid is the most prolific writer
on Pakistani librarianship. He himself compiled a list of his works [15].
Another list of his English publications was included in a monograph Trends
in International Librarianship: a Festschrift Honouring Anis Khurshid[16].
Zahiruddin also presented a list of Anis’s publications in his bio-bibliographic
study [17]. Another example of bio-bibliography
is Samdani’s book [18] about Akhtar H. Siddiqui. Nasim
Fatima compiled a bibliography of the writings of the teachers of Karachi
University [19].
There are some useful catalogues of materials on
librarianship in Pakistani libraries mostly compiled by the students of
library science and working librarians. In 1972, Shaikh Muhammad Idrees
presented the Union Catalogue of Library Science Literature in the Libraries
of Karachi as his master’s thesis at University of Karachi [20].
Khawaja Badrul Hassan presented Union Catalogue of Library Science Books
in Pakistan as MLS thesis at University of Karachi in 1975 [21].
An MLS thesis entitled as Union Catalogue of Library Science Books in
the Libraries of Peshawar was presented at University of Karachi by
M. Mustahsen Kaleem [22]. Similarly some other
theses, submitted to Sindh University, enlist library and information science
books in Peshawar University Library [23], Islamia
University Bahawalpur Library [24] and the Seminar Library
of the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Sindh
[25].
A thesis was submitted by Syed Ejaz Ali Rizvi as a List of Library Science
Books in Libraries of Islamabad and Rawalpindi [26].
A catalogue of Books on Library and Information Science in UGC/NAHE
Library, Islamabad was compiled by Ishtiaq Ahmad [27].
Perveen Akhtar, a librarian of the Quaid-e-Azam Library, Lahore, compiled
a bibliography of books on the subject of library science [28].
This list contains 479 entries of books in the library. The entries are
divided into 88 major subject headings.
Theses
The master’s theses occupy a special place in a discussion
of information sources on Pakistani librarianship, as it is the primary
source material covering almost all major aspects of the subject. This
type of literature has its beginning in 1967, when a course “Methodology
of Research in Library and Information Science and Guided Investigation
of a Selected Problem” was offered by the University of Karachi in the
second of its two year M.A. programme. Since the inception of this course
to 1981 a total of 281 theses were submitted at the University of Karachi
[29].
Most of these theses have been bibliographized by Zia [30]
and Nasim Fatima [31]. These two bibliographies
covered the period from 1967 to 1975. The cumulation of both with the addition
of Ph.D. theses submitted to the Department of Library and Information
Science came out in 1998 [32]. It was compiled
by Nasim Fatima as Pakistan Golden Jubilee Celebration Publication. It
covers the period of 1957-1997.
A list of 60 master’s theses submitted at Punjab
University was compiled by Mumtaz A. Anwar [33].
This bibliography was updated and published in the first issue of the Pakistani
Librarian [34]. Another bibliography of theses
on library science submitted at the Institute of Education and Research,
University of the Punjab was compiled by Haider Ali [35].
Theses at University of Sindh have recently been bibliographized by Nisar
Ahmed Subhpoto [36]. This list includes information
about 228 theses and term papers submitted to the Department from 1973
to 1992. Although, in these days, six library schools in the country offer
research courses in their master’s classes yet the production of theses
literature has been decreased. This is only because of the reason that
thesis is no longer compulsory.
With the inception of M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes
at various universities in the country the importance of bibliographical
control of this form of research has been increased, but unfortunately,
the theses of the Peshawar, Islamia and Baluchistan universities remain
completely unrecorded.
Periodical Literature
Haider, in his article [37],
introduces library periodicals in Pakistan. Before the birth of Pakistan,
the first library journal published from this part of the world was Modern
Librarian which was started by Punjab Library Association in November
1930. This periodical was issued as a monthly magazine. In 1937, it was
made quarterly. In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, it ceased
its publication. In December 1949, this magazine was revived with the name
Modern
Librarian (New Series). Due to financial constraints this magazine
was again ceased in July 1950. In July 1960, Quarterly Journal of Pakistan
Library Association was started. It was ceased in July 1961. In January
1968, it again started its publication but it was again ceased in October
1968. After a number of years, Mr. Sadiq Ali Khan revived the Journal in
1987. Until 1991 twelve issues were published from Karachi. Three issues
were published by the PLA Headquarters in Lahore, and since 1995 the Journal
is being published from Islamabad. Karachi University Library Science Alumni
Association (KULSAA) started publishing a journal in 1958. Name of this
journal was Pakistan Library Review. It was ceased in 1962. In 1968,
This journal was revived but after only four issues it again ceased publication.
In 1961, KULSAA started publication of KULSAA Newsletter. With long
breaks this newsletter has been publishing until 1983. The only regular
library journal in Pakistan is Pakistan Library Bulletin which was
started in 1968 and continues its publishing. It published special numbers
on Manpower needs in libraries, University, School and Children libraries
[38].
Newsletters of Pakistan Library Association (Headquarters) and its five
branches have also been time to time published.
During recent years, a number of new journals of
library science started their publication. Punjab University Library Science
Alumni Association started PULSAA News [39] in
1989. This quarterly newsletter continues its publication and in 1996 it
has completed its 8 volumes. With the sponsorship of the Netherlands Library
Development Project (NLDP), Library Automated Group started LAG News[40]
from Islamabad but only after three issues it ceased publication. Journal
of Library and Information Advisory Council[41]
has been started from Karachi. Its first issue was published in August
1996. Department of Library Science, University of the Punjab started its
annual magazine with the name as Pakistani Librarian [42].
It includes professional and literary writings of the teachers and students
of library science and working librarians. This magazine is being published
regularly. On the same pattern, Department of Library and Information Science
at Islamia University, Bahawalpur has also started publishing a magazine
named as INFORMAG [43]. Its first issue
has appeared in 1997. Journals in the field of library and information
science have always been playing a vital role in the research on Pakistani
librarianship. These are considered primary sources of information on the
subject. Moreover, these journals and newsletters include reviews on new
books on library science particularly published within the country.
Indexes/Abstracts
Indexes and abstracts are keys to published literature.
They make possible the easy use of periodical literature in any subject.
In Pakistan, there are some example of indexing services in the field of
librarianship. Nasim Fatima compiled an index of Pakistan Library Bulletin
covering 1968 to 1978 [44]. She updated the index
in 1985 [45]. This index was again updated by covering
the total 25 volumes upto 1994 by Samdani [46].
Another index of Pakistan Library Bulletin was prepared by Aquila
as Master’s thesis submitted to the University of Sindh [47].
Pakistan Library Bulletin is also indexed and abstracted in some
international indexes and abstracts like Library Literature, Reader’s
Guide, Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), and American
History and Life.
In 1992, Pakistan Library Association (Headquarters)
started the publication of a quarterly indexing service named as CALLS[48].
This compilation included the article index of 26 local and foreign journals
subscribed by various libraries of Lahore. This author was the co-editor
of CALLS. Due to poor financial resources this service could only
complete its two volumes and ceased after 1993. Sania Rashid compiled a
Subject
Index of Modern Librarian (1930-1950)
and submitted it to the University
of Punjab as her MLS thesis [49]. This author compiled
a Subject Index to Pakistan Library Association Journal (1960-1995)
[50]. This author, with the assistance of Ayesha
Mahmood and Asmaria Akram, also compiled a Subject Index to PULSAA News
, Vol.1-8 [51]. This index includes entries
of published articles and news arranged according to major subject division
of library science. Name and keyword indexes are also provided both in
English and Urdu. An index of articles on Pakistani librarianship published
in various journals was prepared by Rubina Asghar as her master’s thesis
[52]. Monthly Kitab is an Urdu journal publishes
articles on book trade in Pakistan. A number of articles on librarianship
have also been published in Kitab. An index of these articles was
prepared by Sabiha as her master’s thesis at University of Sindh [53].
Rais Ahmed Samdani compiled a Cumulative Index of Pakistan Library Review
[54].
Rais Ahmed Samdani and this author have recently completed an index of
all LIS periodical literature published in Pakistan during fifty years
[55].
Review Articles
Review articles published time to time also provide
information about various aspects of librarianship in Pakistan. An article
by Syed Jalaluddin Haider reviewing the journals of library science in
Pakistan has already been mentioned under the heading ‘Periodical Literature’
[56].
Another paper of Haider, published in International Library Review,
is a good example of review articles on Pakistani librarianship
[57].
This review essay has 228 references. Ishtiaq Ahmed, in his two articles,
reviewed 30 English books [58] and 43 Urdu books [59]
published in Pakistan on various topics of technical services in libraries.
This author has written four review articles. Subject
Cataloguing in Pakistani Libraries [60] includes
information about the efforts made in the field of Urdu subject headings.
All lists of Urdu subject headings are reviewed. The second article is
about the literature on library automation [61].
It reviews 124 published and unpublished items written on the topic. Another
paper reviews 97 articles on Pakistani librarianship published in foreign
library science journals [62]. Article on Pakistani
Librarianship During 1990s [63] reviews the
literature published in or after 1990. It includes 62 references. Khadija
Ansari, in her article, reviews 11 Books on Library and Information
Science Published in Sindhi [64] language.
Directories of Libraries
To get information about libraries in Pakistan (their
foundation year, collection, management, staff, arrangement, etc.) directories
are the basic tools for researchers. The very first library directory in
Pakistan was A Guide to Pakistan Libraries, Learned and Scientific Societies
and Educational Institutions, Biographies of Librarians in Pakistan[65]
which was compiled by Pakistan Bibliographical Working Group and published
in 1956. This was revised by PBWG in 1960 [66].
Pakistan National Book Centre prepared a directory of libraries in 1968
[67].
A directory of Libraries of Pakistan[68] was published
by Library Promotion Bureau in 1970 which included names and addresses
of 1500 libraries of all kinds from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and
West Pakistan. Another library directory worth mentioning, which was published
from East Pakistan, is Shamsuddoulah’s
Pakistan Library Directory, 1970[69].
Siddiqui also prepared a Library Directory of Pakistan, 1971-72
[70]. A directory of Pakistani libraries was compiled
in Persian by Tasbihi which was published by Persian Research Centre, Iran
and Pakistan [71]. The most comprehensive list
of Pakistani libraries has been provided by Hafiz Khubaib Ahmad in his
recently published Directory of Libraries in Pakistan[72].
In the compilation of this directory Pakistan Library Association and the
National Library of Pakistan worked together. It provides information about
1767 libraries. Information is divided into provinces of Pakistan. Further
division is according to the types of libraries.
Some directories of specialized libraries are also
available. Department of Libraries, Ministry of Education compiled A
Guide to Public Libraries [73]. This guide
includes names and addresses of 260 public libraries throughout the country.
Department of Libraries also published a Directory of College Libraries
in Pakistan [74] which includes a list of 560 college
libraries. Maqbool Ahmad Chaudhry compiled a list of college libraries
in 1990 which gives detailed information about 313 college libraries in
various provinces of Pakistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir [75].
Agricultural Information Resources of Pakistan [76]
enlists 50 special and academic libraries from all over the country in
the field of agriculture. Another directory of 36 agricultural libraries
was compiled by PASTIC in 1986 [77].
There are some directories of libraries compiled
at regional level. Ghulam Ahmad Chaudhry provided information about 285
libraries in his Directory of Libraries in Lahore [78].
Shahnaz Muzammal gives more detailed information about 290 libraries of
Lahore. She compiled her directory in Urdu [79].
Syed Irshad Ali provided basic data about 150 libraries in his Directory
of Libraries Located in Rawalpindi-Islamabad (Pakistan) [80].
Muhammad Bashir Chohan compiled another Directory of Libraries: Rawalpindi-Islamabad,
A.J.K. and Northern Areas [81] giving information
about 200 libraries. Information about public libraries in Karachi is provided
by Faruqi and Wasim [82]. Nasim Fatima, in her
book on Secondary School Library Resources and Services in Karachi[83],
provided information about 335 school libraries. She submitted a research
project to the Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi on Standard of
Children Libraries in Pakistan [84] which includes
43 children libraries along with a research report.
Biographical Sources
Biographical sources in Pakistani librarianship provide
information about the professionals involved in library and information
work. In Pakistan, perhaps the first directory of librarians is Pakistan
Bibliographical Working Group’s A Guide to Pakistan Libraries, Learned
and Scientific Societies and Educational Institutions, Biographies of Librarians
in Pakistan [85] which was published in 1956. In
1969, Sabzwari and Usmani compiled a comprehensive directory of Pakistani
professionals with the title Who’s Who in Librarianship in Pakistan[86].
It contains detailed information about 564 librarians. The book is divided
into the following five sections: I) Patrons of Library Movement in Pakistan,
II) Librarians of Pakistan, III) Foreign Librarians Served in Pakistan,
IV) Who was Who, and V) Libraries of Pakistan. Section V consists of a
list of 1500 libraries in Pakistan. Second and revised edition of this
directory was published in 1987 with the title
Who’s Who in Library
and Information Science in Pakistan [87]. There
are also some directories of librarians in various regions of the country.
Who’s
Who in Library and Information Science in North West Frontier Province
(NWFP) Pakistan [88] was published in 1992 from Peshawar.
It has information about 167 librarians. Who’s Who in Documentation
and Library Services (Islamabad-Rawalpindi) [89]
compiled by M. M. Qureshi and Maqsood Ahmad is another example of regional
biographical source in librarianship.
Directories of the graduates from library schools
are also useful sources of information about professional librarians. In
this regard some work in Karachi University can be seen. In 1972, Zainuddin
Siddiqui compiled KULSAA Directory [90].
Covering the period of 26 years Nasim Fatima prepared Directory of Alumni,
1956-1981 [91]. Membership lists published
by library associations may also be useful for researchers doing work on
individuals. Pakistan Library Association (Federal Branch) published a
directory of its members in 1980 [92]. Another
directory published from Quetta is Who’s Who in Pakistan Library Association
1983 [93]. The most comprehensive list of PLA
members which contains names and addresses of 1400 professionals (maximum
number of membership in the history of PLA) was published in 1994 from
Lahore [94].
General Reference Sources
Information sources, of miscellaneous nature, on Pakistani
librarianship include some glossaries of library science terms and some
other books and articles useful for reference purposes. Zainuddin Siddiqui
submitted A Glossary of Library Science Terms, English-Urdu [95]
as his MLS thesis at University of Karachi in 1969. In 1983, the same author
published his . Dictionary of Library Science Terms [96]
as a book in Urdu. Another glossary of library science terms in Urdu was
compiled by Mahmudul Hasan and Zamurrad Mahmud [97].
Government of Pakistan presents statistical analysis of 559 public and
academic libraries in the country in the form of Libraries Statistics
in Pakistan (1980-84): a Case Study [98].
Information about Pakistani librarianship is also
included in the international reference works in the field of library and
information science. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
contains
two articles on this topic. Both of these articles were written by Dr.
Anis Khurshid. One of them is on the general situation of libraries in
Pakistan [99] while the other is on library education
[100]
in the country. ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services
also has an article of Anis Khurshid
[101].
Contemporary
Developments in Librarianship: an International Handbook is another
reference source which contains an article on librarianship in Pakistan
[102]. World Encyclopedia of Library and Information
Science Education published from India included an article of Dr. Muhammad
Fazil Khan on Library Education in Pakistan [103].
For report literature published in Pakistan the only source of information
is Mumtaz A. Anwar’s Information Services in Muslim Countries: an Annotated
Bibliography of Expert Studies and Reports on Library, Information and
Archive Services[104].
Concluding Remarks
Although Pakistani librarianship is not very rich in
information sources yet, in spite of all constraints in library research
faced being a poor nation, it has a significant amount of literature. Information
sources discussed above are available for researchers and students of Pakistani
librarianship in the libraries of seven universities of Pakistan, i.e.,
1) University of the Punjab, Lahore, 2) University of Karachi, 3) Islamia
University, Bahawalpur, 4) University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 5) University
of Peshawar, 6) University of Baluchistan, Quetta and 7) Allama Iqbal Open
University, Islamabad, and eminent public libraries in the country as well.
Most of the literature is also available in the large libraries of the
world like Library of Congress and The British Library. If someone is interested
to approach a particular item, this author also offers his services to
provide help for finding the material. The areas in which the compilation
of work is needed are many. Lists of theses submitted at various universities
should be compiled and updated regularly. There is no control over report
literature and government publication published in the field of librarianship.
Catalogues of holdings of the libraries of library schools should also
be published. At the end it is recommended that Pakistan Library Association,
with the help of the National Library of Pakistan, should setup a documentation
centre in the subject of library and information science and should provide
all documentation and information facilities to researchers throughout
the country.
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