Information  Sources  on
Pakistani  Librarianship

by
Khalid Mahmood

Published in: Pakistan Library Bulletin, 29 (3-4), 1998, pp. 25-38.


 
CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Bibliographies and Catalogues
Theses
Periodical Literature
Indexes/Abstracts
Review Articles
Directories of Libraries
Biographical Sources
General Reference Sources
Concluding Remarks
References

 

Abstract

    The article introduces researchers and students of library and information science with the information sources on Pakistani librarianship and information work. It reviews bibliographies, catalogues, lists of theses, periodicals, indexes, abstracts, review articles, library directories, and biographical works published on the subject. Glossaries of library science terms in Urdu and works on Pakistani librarianship included in the international reference sources are also introduced.

Introduction

    In 1997, Pakistan has completed fifty years of its life. Research in the field of librarianship has a long history in Pakistan. As early as 1915, thirty-two years before the birth of Pakistan, Asa Don Dickinson, an American librarian and pupil of Melvil Dewey, established the first library school at the University of the Punjab. He started library research by writing Punjab Library Primer [1] which is the first treatise ever printed on librarianship in this part of the world. The work of Dickinson has much influence on the profession in Pakistan and during the later years a significant number of books and periodicals have been published on librarianship.

    Non availability of literature resources has always been considered as one of the major hindrances in library research in Pakistan (For example discussions of Asghar [2],  Usmani [3],  Rizvi [4]  and Haider [5]). Due to the lack of financial resources Pakistani libraries dealing in the subject of library and information science can not afford very costly foreign books and journals. The situation becomes more critical when researchers do have a poor knowledge about available local resources in the country. A dire need has been felt to provide literature guidance for library researchers.

    This article is intended to provide useful information about literature resources to all local and foreign researchers having interest in various topics of Pakistani librarianship and information services. The article will also be helpful for working librarians and teachers and students of library and information science to keep them up with the developments in the field.

Bibliographies and Catalogues

    Bibliography is always the best way to control the literature published on any subject. Retrospective materials on librarianship have been fully covered by a series of bibliographies compiled in Pakistan. In this respect, the Department of Library Science, University of Karachi has done a lot. The first bibliography was published under the title Ten Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan by Anis Khurshid [6].  This was superseded by Librarianship in Pakistan : Fifteen Years’ Work (1947-62) by Anis Khurshid and Syed Irshad Ali [7].  It provides references on Pakistani librarianship and its related subjects, both printed and mimeographed within and outside Pakistan. While the major portion of these references are drawn from the English language publications, a good deal of entries are also included from the two national languages, i.e., Urdu and Bengali. In 1971, Five Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan 1963-67 was presented by Zahiruddin as his master’s thesis at the University of Karachi [8].  This work was later upgraded by bringing the coverage to 1972 and issued as an independent publication entitled, Ten Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan, 1963-1972 [9].  Another master’s thesis, Librarianship in Pakistan, extending the coverage up to 1974, was presented by Azra Tahir in 1975 at University of Karachi [10].  However, this work was later superseded by Zahiruddin’s Ten Years’ Work in Librarianship in Pakistan, 1973-1982 [11].  This series of bibliographies was continued by Syed Irshad Ali when, in his compilation, he covered the period of 1983 to 1990 [12].  A list of books and periodicals published by Pakistan Library Association was provided by Aqila Naz [13].  Another list of 39 books on librarianship published in Pakistan during 1948 to 1973 has been included by Siddiqui in his book Library Development in Pakistan[14].  These bibliographies include references of books, unpublished theses, journal and newspaper articles, and reports and almost completely cover the period from the birth of Pakistan, i.e., 1947 to 1990. These bibliographies can serve as basic tools for approaching literature on Pakistani librarianship.

    There are also examples of bio-bibliographies published in the field of librarianship in Pakistan. Works of Dr. Anis Khurshid have been enlisted in some books. Dr. Anis Khurshid is the most prolific writer on Pakistani librarianship. He himself compiled a list of his works [15].  Another list of his English publications was included in a monograph Trends in International Librarianship: a Festschrift Honouring Anis Khurshid[16].  Zahiruddin also presented a list of Anis’s publications in his bio-bibliographic study [17].  Another example of bio-bibliography is Samdani’s book [18] about Akhtar H. Siddiqui. Nasim Fatima compiled a bibliography of the writings of the teachers of Karachi University [19].

    There are some useful catalogues of materials on librarianship in Pakistani libraries mostly compiled by the students of library science and working librarians. In 1972, Shaikh Muhammad Idrees presented the Union Catalogue of Library Science Literature in the Libraries of Karachi as his master’s thesis at University of Karachi [20].  Khawaja Badrul Hassan presented Union Catalogue of Library Science Books in Pakistan as MLS thesis at University of Karachi in 1975 [21].  An MLS thesis entitled as Union Catalogue of Library Science Books in the Libraries of Peshawar was presented at University of Karachi by M. Mustahsen Kaleem [22].  Similarly some other theses, submitted to Sindh University, enlist library and information science books in Peshawar University Library [23],  Islamia University Bahawalpur Library [24] and the Seminar Library of the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Sindh [25].  A thesis was submitted by Syed Ejaz Ali Rizvi as a List of Library Science Books in Libraries of Islamabad and Rawalpindi [26].  A catalogue of Books on Library and Information Science in UGC/NAHE Library, Islamabad was compiled by Ishtiaq Ahmad [27].  Perveen Akhtar, a librarian of the Quaid-e-Azam Library, Lahore, compiled a bibliography of books on the subject of library science [28].  This list contains 479 entries of books in the library. The entries are divided into 88 major subject headings.

Theses

    The master’s theses occupy a special place in a discussion of information sources on Pakistani librarianship, as it is the primary source material covering almost all major aspects of the subject. This type of literature has its beginning in 1967, when a course “Methodology of Research in Library and Information Science and Guided Investigation of a Selected Problem” was offered by the University of Karachi in the second of its two year M.A. programme. Since the inception of this course to 1981 a total of 281 theses were submitted at the University of Karachi [29].  Most of these theses have been bibliographized by Zia [30] and Nasim Fatima [31].  These two bibliographies covered the period from 1967 to 1975. The cumulation of both with the addition of Ph.D. theses submitted to the Department of Library and Information Science came out in 1998 [32].  It was compiled by Nasim Fatima as Pakistan Golden Jubilee Celebration Publication. It covers the period of 1957-1997.

    A list of 60 master’s theses submitted at Punjab University was compiled by Mumtaz A. Anwar [33].  This bibliography was updated and published in the first issue of the Pakistani Librarian [34].  Another bibliography of theses on library science submitted at the Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab was compiled by Haider Ali [35].  Theses at University of Sindh have recently been bibliographized by Nisar Ahmed Subhpoto [36].  This list includes information about 228 theses and term papers submitted to the Department from 1973 to 1992. Although, in these days, six library schools in the country offer research courses in their master’s classes yet the production of theses literature has been decreased. This is only because of the reason that thesis is no longer compulsory.

    With the inception of M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes at various universities in the country the importance of bibliographical control of this form of research has been increased, but unfortunately, the theses of the Peshawar, Islamia and Baluchistan universities remain completely unrecorded.

Periodical Literature

    Haider, in his article [37],  introduces library periodicals in Pakistan. Before the birth of Pakistan, the first library journal published from this part of the world was Modern Librarian which was started by Punjab Library Association in November 1930. This periodical was issued as a monthly magazine. In 1937, it was made quarterly. In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, it ceased its publication. In December 1949, this magazine was revived with the name Modern Librarian (New Series). Due to financial constraints this magazine was again ceased in July 1950. In July 1960, Quarterly Journal of Pakistan Library Association was started. It was ceased in July 1961. In January 1968, it again started its publication but it was again ceased in October 1968. After a number of years, Mr. Sadiq Ali Khan revived the Journal in 1987. Until 1991 twelve issues were published from Karachi. Three issues were published by the PLA Headquarters in Lahore, and since 1995 the Journal is being published from Islamabad. Karachi University Library Science Alumni Association (KULSAA) started publishing a journal in 1958. Name of this journal was Pakistan Library Review. It was ceased in 1962. In 1968, This journal was revived but after only four issues it again ceased publication. In 1961, KULSAA started publication of KULSAA Newsletter. With long breaks this newsletter has been publishing until 1983. The only regular library journal in Pakistan is Pakistan Library Bulletin which was started in 1968 and continues its publishing. It published special numbers on Manpower needs in libraries, University, School and Children libraries [38].  Newsletters of Pakistan Library Association (Headquarters) and its five branches have also been time to time published.

    During recent years, a number of new journals of library science started their publication. Punjab University Library Science Alumni Association started PULSAA News [39] in 1989. This quarterly newsletter continues its publication and in 1996 it has completed its 8 volumes. With the sponsorship of the Netherlands Library Development Project (NLDP), Library Automated Group started LAG News[40]  from Islamabad but only after three issues it ceased publication. Journal of Library and Information Advisory Council[41]  has been started from Karachi. Its first issue was published in August 1996. Department of Library Science, University of the Punjab started its annual magazine with the name as Pakistani Librarian [42].  It includes professional and literary writings of the teachers and students of library science and working librarians. This magazine is being published regularly. On the same pattern, Department of Library and Information Science at Islamia University, Bahawalpur has also started publishing a magazine named as INFORMAG [43].  Its first issue has appeared in 1997. Journals in the field of library and information science have always been playing a vital role in the research on Pakistani librarianship. These are considered primary sources of information on the subject. Moreover, these journals and newsletters include reviews on new books on library science particularly published within the country.

Indexes/Abstracts

    Indexes and abstracts are keys to published literature. They make possible the easy use of periodical literature in any subject. In Pakistan, there are some example of indexing services in the field of librarianship. Nasim Fatima compiled an index of Pakistan Library Bulletin covering 1968 to 1978 [44].  She updated the index in 1985 [45].  This index was again updated by covering the total 25 volumes upto 1994 by Samdani [46].  Another index of Pakistan Library Bulletin was prepared by Aquila as Master’s thesis submitted to the University of Sindh [47]. Pakistan Library Bulletin is also indexed and abstracted in some international indexes and abstracts like Library Literature, Reader’s Guide, Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), and American History and Life.

    In 1992, Pakistan Library Association (Headquarters) started the publication of a quarterly indexing service named as CALLS[48].  This compilation included the article index of 26 local and foreign journals subscribed by various libraries of Lahore. This author was the co-editor of CALLS. Due to poor financial resources this service could only complete its two volumes and ceased after 1993. Sania Rashid compiled a Subject Index of Modern Librarian (1930-1950) and submitted it to the University of Punjab as her MLS thesis [49].  This author compiled a Subject Index to Pakistan Library Association Journal (1960-1995) [50].  This author, with the assistance of Ayesha Mahmood and Asmaria Akram, also compiled a Subject Index to PULSAA News , Vol.1-8 [51].  This index includes entries of published articles and news arranged according to major subject division of library science. Name and keyword indexes are also provided both in English and Urdu. An index of articles on Pakistani librarianship published in various journals was prepared by Rubina Asghar as her master’s thesis [52].  Monthly Kitab is an Urdu journal publishes articles on book trade in Pakistan. A number of articles on librarianship have also been published in Kitab. An index of these articles was prepared by Sabiha as her master’s thesis at University of Sindh [53].  Rais Ahmed Samdani compiled a Cumulative Index of Pakistan Library Review [54].   Rais Ahmed Samdani and this author have recently completed an index of all LIS periodical literature published in Pakistan during fifty years [55].

Review Articles

    Review articles published time to time also provide information about various aspects of librarianship in Pakistan. An article by Syed Jalaluddin Haider reviewing the journals of library science in Pakistan has already been mentioned under the heading ‘Periodical Literature’ [56].  Another paper of Haider, published in International Library Review, is a good example of review articles on Pakistani librarianship [57].  This review essay has 228 references. Ishtiaq Ahmed, in his two articles, reviewed 30 English books [58] and 43 Urdu books [59] published in Pakistan on various topics of technical services in libraries.

    This author has written four review articles. Subject Cataloguing in Pakistani Libraries [60] includes information about the efforts made in the field of Urdu subject headings. All lists of Urdu subject headings are reviewed. The second article is about the literature on library automation [61].  It reviews 124 published and unpublished items written on the topic. Another paper reviews 97 articles on Pakistani librarianship published in foreign library science journals [62].  Article on Pakistani Librarianship During 1990s [63]  reviews the literature published in or after 1990. It includes 62 references. Khadija Ansari, in her article, reviews 11 Books on Library and Information Science Published in Sindhi [64] language.

Directories of Libraries

    To get information about libraries in Pakistan (their foundation year, collection, management, staff, arrangement, etc.) directories are the basic tools for researchers. The very first library directory in Pakistan was A Guide to Pakistan Libraries, Learned and Scientific Societies and Educational Institutions, Biographies of Librarians in Pakistan[65] which was compiled by Pakistan Bibliographical Working Group and published in 1956. This was revised by PBWG in 1960 [66].  Pakistan National Book Centre prepared a directory of libraries in 1968 [67].  A directory of Libraries of Pakistan[68] was published by Library Promotion Bureau in 1970 which included names and addresses of 1500 libraries of all kinds from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan. Another library directory worth mentioning, which was published from East Pakistan, is Shamsuddoulah’s Pakistan Library Directory, 1970[69].  Siddiqui also prepared a Library Directory of Pakistan, 1971-72 [70].  A directory of Pakistani libraries was compiled in Persian by Tasbihi which was published by Persian Research Centre, Iran and Pakistan [71].  The most comprehensive list of Pakistani libraries has been provided by Hafiz Khubaib Ahmad in his recently published Directory of Libraries in Pakistan[72].  In the compilation of this directory Pakistan Library Association and the National Library of Pakistan worked together. It provides information about 1767 libraries. Information is divided into provinces of Pakistan. Further division is according to the types of libraries.

    Some directories of specialized libraries are also available. Department of Libraries, Ministry of Education compiled A Guide to Public Libraries [73].  This guide includes names and addresses of 260 public libraries throughout the country. Department of Libraries also published a Directory of College Libraries in Pakistan [74] which includes a list of 560 college libraries. Maqbool Ahmad Chaudhry compiled a list of college libraries in 1990 which gives detailed information about 313 college libraries in various provinces of Pakistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir [75]. Agricultural Information Resources of Pakistan [76] enlists 50 special and academic libraries from all over the country in the field of agriculture. Another directory of 36 agricultural libraries was compiled by PASTIC in 1986 [77].

    There are some directories of libraries compiled at regional level. Ghulam Ahmad Chaudhry provided information about 285 libraries in his Directory of Libraries in Lahore [78].  Shahnaz Muzammal gives more detailed information about 290 libraries of Lahore. She compiled her directory in Urdu [79].  Syed Irshad Ali provided basic data about 150 libraries in his Directory of Libraries Located in Rawalpindi-Islamabad (Pakistan) [80].  Muhammad Bashir Chohan compiled another Directory of Libraries: Rawalpindi-Islamabad, A.J.K. and Northern Areas [81]  giving information about 200 libraries. Information about public libraries in Karachi is provided by Faruqi and Wasim [82].  Nasim Fatima, in her book on Secondary School Library Resources and Services in Karachi[83],  provided information about 335 school libraries. She submitted a research project to the Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi on Standard of Children Libraries in Pakistan [84] which includes 43 children libraries along with a research report.

Biographical Sources

    Biographical sources in Pakistani librarianship provide information about the professionals involved in library and information work. In Pakistan, perhaps the first directory of librarians is Pakistan Bibliographical Working Group’s A Guide to Pakistan Libraries, Learned and Scientific Societies and Educational Institutions, Biographies of Librarians in Pakistan [85] which was published in 1956. In 1969, Sabzwari and Usmani compiled a comprehensive directory of Pakistani professionals with the title Who’s Who in Librarianship in Pakistan[86].  It contains detailed information about 564 librarians. The book is divided into the following five sections: I) Patrons of Library Movement in Pakistan, II) Librarians of Pakistan, III) Foreign Librarians Served in Pakistan, IV) Who was Who, and V) Libraries of Pakistan. Section V consists of a list of 1500 libraries in Pakistan. Second and revised edition of this directory was published in 1987 with the title Who’s Who in Library and Information Science in Pakistan [87].  There are also some directories of librarians in various regions of the country. Who’s Who in Library and Information Science in North West Frontier Province (NWFP) Pakistan [88] was published in 1992 from Peshawar. It has information about 167 librarians. Who’s Who in Documentation and Library Services (Islamabad-Rawalpindi) [89] compiled by M. M. Qureshi and Maqsood Ahmad is another example of regional biographical source in librarianship.

    Directories of the graduates from library schools are also useful sources of information about professional librarians. In this regard some work in Karachi University can be seen. In 1972, Zainuddin Siddiqui compiled KULSAA Directory [90].  Covering the period of 26 years Nasim Fatima prepared Directory of Alumni, 1956-1981 [91].  Membership lists published by library associations may also be useful for researchers doing work on individuals. Pakistan Library Association (Federal Branch) published a directory of its members in 1980 [92].  Another directory published from Quetta is Who’s Who in Pakistan Library Association 1983 [93].  The most comprehensive list of PLA members which contains names and addresses of 1400 professionals (maximum number of membership in the history of PLA) was published in 1994 from Lahore [94].

General Reference Sources

    Information sources, of miscellaneous nature, on Pakistani librarianship include some glossaries of library science terms and some other books and articles useful for reference purposes. Zainuddin Siddiqui submitted A Glossary of Library Science Terms, English-Urdu [95] as his MLS thesis at University of Karachi in 1969. In 1983, the same author published his . Dictionary of Library Science Terms  [96] as a book in Urdu. Another glossary of library science terms in Urdu was compiled by Mahmudul Hasan and Zamurrad Mahmud  [97].  Government of Pakistan presents statistical analysis of 559 public and academic libraries in the country in the form of Libraries Statistics in Pakistan (1980-84): a Case Study [98].

    Information about Pakistani librarianship is also included in the international reference works in the field of library and information science. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science contains two articles on this topic. Both of these articles were written by Dr. Anis Khurshid. One of them is on the general situation of libraries in Pakistan  [99] while the other is on library education [100] in the country. ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services also has an article of Anis Khurshid [101]. Contemporary Developments in Librarianship: an International Handbook is another reference source which contains an article on librarianship in Pakistan [102]. World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Education published from India included an article of Dr. Muhammad Fazil Khan on Library Education in Pakistan [103].  For report literature published in Pakistan the only source of information is Mumtaz A. Anwar’s Information Services in Muslim Countries: an Annotated Bibliography of Expert Studies and Reports on Library, Information and Archive Services[104].

Concluding Remarks

    Although Pakistani librarianship is not very rich in information sources yet, in spite of all constraints in library research faced being a poor nation, it has a significant amount of literature. Information sources discussed above are available for researchers and students of Pakistani librarianship in the libraries of seven universities of Pakistan, i.e., 1) University of the Punjab, Lahore, 2) University of Karachi, 3) Islamia University, Bahawalpur, 4) University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 5) University of Peshawar, 6) University of Baluchistan, Quetta and 7) Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, and eminent public libraries in the country as well. Most of the literature is also available in the large libraries of the world like Library of Congress and The British Library. If someone is interested to approach a particular item, this author also offers his services to provide help for finding the material. The areas in which the compilation of work is needed are many. Lists of theses submitted at various universities should be compiled and updated regularly. There is no control over report literature and government publication published in the field of librarianship. Catalogues of holdings of the libraries of library schools should also be published. At the end it is recommended that Pakistan Library Association, with the help of the National Library of Pakistan, should setup a documentation centre in the subject of library and information science and should provide all documentation and information facilities to researchers throughout the country.

References

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