Internet Information and Communication Behavior during a Political Moment: The Iraq War, March 2003

Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq war. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 3-21.

Alvarez, R. M., & Brehm J. (2002). Hard choices, easy answers. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Aron, A., & Aron, E. (2003). Statistics for psychology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Barber, B. R. (1984). Strong democracy (4th ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Barber, B. (2001). The uncertainty of digital politics: Democracy's uneasy relationship with information technology. Harvard International Review, 23(1), 42–47.

Berenger, R. D. (2006). Introduction: War in cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(1), 176-188.

Best, S. J., & Krueger, B. S. (2005). Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation. Political Behavior, 27(2), 183-216.

Bimber, B. (2001). Information and political engagement in America: The search for effects of information technology. Political Research Quarterly, 54, 53–68.

Bizer, G. Y., Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., Wheeler, S. C., Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2004). The impact of personality on cognitive, behavioral, and affective political processes: The effects of need to evaluate. Journal of Personality, 72(5), 994-1027.

Bimber, B. (2003). Information and American democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Boase, J., Horrigan, J. B., Wellman, B., & Rainie, L. (2006). The strength of Internet ties: The Internet and email aid users in maintaining their social networks. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved July 1, 2006, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Internet_ties.pdf

Boneva, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). Email, gender and personal relationships. In B. Wellman & C. A. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The Internet in everyday life (pp. 372-403). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Borgida, E., & Stark, E. N. (2004). New media and politics: Some insights from social and political psychology. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(4), 467-478.

Boyte, H. C. (2005). Reframing democracy: Governance, civic agency, and politics. Public Administration Review, 65(5), 536-546.

Buente, W., & Robbin, A. (2008). Trends in Internet use, 2000-2004. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. (in press).

Case, D. O., Johnson, J. D., Andrews, J. E., Allard, S., & Kelly, K. M. (2004). From two-step flow to the Internet: The changing array of sources for genetics information seeking. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(8), 660–669.

Cohen, B. H. (2008). Explaining psychological statistics (3rd Ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Courtright, C. (2007). The challenge of context in information behavior research. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 41, 273-306.

Cummings, J. N., & Kraut, R. (2002). Domesticating computers and the Internet. Information Society, 18(3), 221-231.

Dahl, R. A. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.

Davis, J. (1985). The logic of causal order. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

de Tocqueville, A. (1969). Democracy in America. (G. Lawrence, Trans.; J. P. Mayer, Ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.

de Vreese, C. H. (2007). Digital renaissance: Young consumer and citizen? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 611(1), 207-216.

Delli Carpini, M.X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.

DiMaggio, P., & Bonikowski, B. (2008). Make money surfing the web? The impact of Internet use on the earnings of U.S. workers. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 227-250.

Dutta-Bergman, M. J. (2005). Operation Iraqi freedom: Mediated public sphere as a public relations tool. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13(4), 220-241.

Easton, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/eastin.html

Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Edelman, M. (2001). The politics of misinformation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Edelman, M. J. (1993). Contestable categories and public opinion. Political Communication, 10, 231-242.

Eliasoph, N. (1998). Avoiding politics: How Americans produce apathy in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57, 163-173.

Fallows, D. (2007, February 6). Election newshounds speak up: Newspaper, TV and Internet fans tell how and why they differ. Retrieved February 7, 2007, from http://pewresearch.org/pubs/406/election-newshounds-speak-up

Fisher, K., Naumer, C., Durrance, J., Stromski, L., & Christiansen, T. (2005). Something old, something new: Preliminary findings from an exploratory study about people's information habits and information grounds. Information Research, 10(2). Retrieved from http://informationr.net/ir/10-2/paper223.html

Galston, W. A. (2002). The impact of the Internet on civic life: An early assessment. In E. C. Kamarck & J. S. Nye, Jr. (Eds.), governance.com: Democracy in the information age (pp. 40-58). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Galston, W. A. (2004). Civic education and political participation. PS: Political Science and Politics, 37(2), 263-266.

Garson, G. D. (2008, March 29). Multiple regression. In Statnotes: Topics in multivariate analysis (Regression analysis chapter). Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/regress.htm

Gibson, R. K., Lusoli, W., & Ward, S. (2005). Online participation in the UK: Testing a 'contextualised' model of Internet effects. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7(4), 561-583.

Halaby, C. (2004). Panel models in sociological research: Theory into practice. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 507-544.

Hamdy, N., & Mobarak, R. (2004). Iraq war ushers in web-based era. In R. D. Berenger (Ed.), Global media go to war: Role of news and entertainment media during the 2003 Iraq war (pp. 245-254). Spokane, WA: Marquette Books.

Hargittai, E. (2003). Informed web surfing: The social context of user sophistication. In P. Howard & S. Jones (Eds.), Society online: The Internet in context (pp. 257-74). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Hektor, A. (2003). Information activities on the Internet in everyday life. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 4(1), 127-139.

Harwood, P., & Rainie, L. (2004). People who use the Internet away from home and work. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved May 10, 2005, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Other_Places.pdf

Hart, R. P. (2001). Citizen discourse and political participation: A survey. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 407-432). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hibbing, J. R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002). Stealth democracy: Americans' beliefs about how government should work. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hinton, P. R. (2004). Statistics explained. London: Routledge.

Horrigan, J., & Rainie, L. (2002). The broadband difference: How online Americans' behavior changes with high speed Internet connections at home. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.

Horrigan, J., & Rainie, L. (2006). The Internet's growing role in life's major moments. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved July 1, 2006, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Major%20Moments_2006.pdf

Horrigan, J., Garrett, K., & Resnick, P. (2004). The Internet and democratic debate. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved October 28, 2004, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Political_Info_Report.pdf

Howard, P. N. (2005). Deep democracy, thin citizenship: The impact of digital media in political campaign strategy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 153-170.

Huckfeldt, R., Johnson, P. E., & Sprague, J. (2004). Political disagreement: The survival of diverse opinions within communication networks. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hwang, H., Schmierbach, M., Paek, H.-J., de Zuniga, H. G., & Shah, D. (2006). Media dissociation, Internet use, and antiwar political participation: A case study of political dissent and action against the war in Iraq. Mass Communication & Society, 9(4), 461-483.

Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Gender and the Internet: Women communicating and men searching. Sex Roles, 44(5/6), 363-379.

Janda, K., Berry, J. M., & Goldman, J. (1995). The challenge of democracy: Government in America (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Johnson, J. D. (2003). On contexts of information seeking. Information Processing and Management, 39(5), 735-760.

Jones, J. P. (2006). A cultural approach to the study of mediated citizenship. Social Semiotics, 16(2), 365-383.

Kari, J., & Savolainen, R. (2003). Toward a contextual model of information seeking on the Web. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 4(2), 155-175.

Katz, J. E. & Rice, R. E. (2002). Social consequences of Internet use: Access, involvement, and interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973/1974). Uses and gratification research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.

Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence. New York: Free Press.

Kennedy, T., Wellman, B., & Klement, K. (2003). Gendering the digital divide. IT&Society, 1(5), 72-96.

Kenny, C. B. (1992). Political participation and effects from the social environment. American Political Science Review, 36(1), 259-267.

Kenny, C. B. (1994). The microenvironment of attitude change. The Journal of Politics, 56(3), 715-728.

Kenny, C. B. (1998). The behavioral consequences of political discussion: Another look at discussant effects on voter choice. The Journal of Politics, 60(1), 231-244.

Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connections between Internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 173-192.

Kling, R. (2000a). Learning about information technologies and social change: The contribution of social informatics. The Information Society, 16(3), 217–232.

Kling, R. (2000b). Social informatics: A new perspective on social research about information and communication technologies. Prometheus, 18(3), 245–264.

Kranich, N. (2004). The information commons: A public policy report. New York: The Free Expression Policy Project, Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law.

Kraut, R. E., Brynin, M., & Kiesler, S. (Eds.). (2006). Computers, phones, and the Internet: Domesticating information technology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Krosnick, J. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567.

Krosnick, J., Lupia, A., DeBell, M., & Donakowski, D. (2008). Problems with ANES questions measuring political knowledge. Retrieved March 27, 2008, from http://www.electionstudies.org/nnounce/newsltr/20080324PoliticalKnowledgeMemo.pdf

Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States: A resource approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476-498.

Krueger, B. S. (2006). A comparison of conventional and Internet political mobilization. American Politics Research. 34(6), 759-776.

Kumar, D. (2006). Media, war, and propaganda: Strategies of information management during the 2003 Iraq war. Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, 3(1), 48-69.

Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people's choice. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lievrouw, L. A. (2001). New media and the "pluralization of life-worlds." New Media & Society, 3(1), 7-28.

Lin, C. A. (1993). Modeling the gratification-seeking process of television viewing. Human Communication Research, 20(2), 224-244.

Liska, A. E. (1974). Emergent issues in the attitude-behavior consistency controversy. American Sociological Review, 39(2), 261-272.

Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (1998). The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Luther, C. A., & Mark Miller, M. (2005). Framing of the 2003 U.S.-Iraq war demonstrations: An analysis of news and partisan texts. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(1), 78-96.

Madden, M. (2006). Internet penetration and impact. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved July 1, 2006, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Internet_Impact.pdf

Madden, M. and Fox, S. (2006). Finding answers online in sickness and in health. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved July 1, 2006, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Decisions_2006.pdf

Mislevy, R. J. (1986). Recent developments in the factor analysis of categorical variables. Journal of Educational Statistics, 11(1), 3-31.

Morrell, M. E. (1999). Citizens' evaluations of participatory democratic procedures: Normative theory meets empirical science. Political Research Quarterly, 52(2), 293–322.

Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2008). Digital citizenship: The Internet, society, and participation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Mutz, D. C. (2001). The future of political communication research: Reflections on the occasion of Steve Chaffee's retirement from Stanford University. Political Communication, 18, 231–236.

Mutz, D. C. (2002a). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 838-855.

Mutz, D. C. (2002b). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111-126.

Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mutz, D., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 97-114.

Mutz, D. C., & Mondak, J. J. (2006). The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse. The Journal of Politics, 68(1), 140–155.

Nah, S., Veenstra, A. S., & Shah, D. V. (2006). The Internet and anti-war activism: A case study of information, expression, and action. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(1), 230-247.

Nisbet, M. C., & Scheufele, D. A. (2004). Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 877-

Norris, P. (2001). The digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty and the Internet worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P. (2002). Revolution, what revolution? The Internet and U.S. elections, 1992-2000. In E. C. Kamarck, & J. S. Nye, Jr. (Eds.), governance.com: Democracy in the information age (pp. 59-80). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Orlikowski, W. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398-427.

Papacharissi, Z., & Oliveira, M. (2008). News frames terrorism: A comparative analysis of frames employed in terrorism coverage in U.S. and U.K. newspapers. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(1), 52-74.

Park, H. M. (2007). How does electronic government affect civic engagement? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.

Park, H. L., & Jang, J. W. (2004). Internet effects on voting: Political Internet users vs. non political Internet users. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Petrocelli, J. V. (2003). Hierarchical multiple regression in counseling research: Common problems and possible remedies. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 36(1), 9.

Pettigrew, K. E. (1999). Waiting for chiropody: Contextual results from an ethnographic study of the information behavior among attendees at community clinics. Information Processing & Management, 35(6), 801-817.

Pew Research Center For the People & the Press. (2000). Internet sapping broadcast news audience. Washington DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 30, 2005, from http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?ReportID=36

Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. (2002). Public's news habits little changed by September 11. Washington DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 30, 2005, from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/156.pdf

Pew Research Center For The People & The Press. (2006). Maturing Internet News Audience – broader than deep: Online papers modestly boost newspaper readership. Retrieved March 13, 2008, from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/282.pdf

Pew Research Center. Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2008). The Daily Show: Journalism, Satire or Just Laughs? Retrieved May 9, 2008, from http://pewresearch.org/pubs/829/the-daily-show-journalism-satire-or-just-laughs

Price, V., & Cappella, J. N. (2002). Online deliberation and its influence: The Electronic Dialogue Project in campaign 2000. IT and Society, 1, 303-328.

Prior, M. (2005). News vs. entertainment: How increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 577-592.

Puig-i-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2007). Being early on the curve: Online practices and expressive political participation. International Journal of Internet Science, 2(1), 28-44.

Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, R. D. (1995a). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78. Retrieved January 12, 2003, from http://jodyb.net/school/putnam.html

Putnam, R. D. (1995b). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS-Political Science & Politics, 28, 664-683.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Rheingold, H. (2000). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Boston: MIT Press.

Rainie, L., & Horrigan, J. (2005). Internet: The mainstreaming of onlife life. Washington, DC: Pew Internet Life Project. Retrieved May 10, 2005, from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/148/report_display.asp

Rainie, L., & Horrigan, J. (2007). Election 2006 online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet Life Project. Retrieved January 20, 2007, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Politics_2006.pdf

Rainie, L., Fox, S., & Fallows, D. (2003). The Internet and the Iraq War: How online American have used the Internet to learn war news, understand events, and promote their views. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved May 10, 2004, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Iraq_War_Report.pdf

Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57, 148-154.

Robbin, A., Courtright, C., & Davis, L. (2004). ICTs and Political Life. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 38, 411-462.

Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3–37.

Rummell, R. J. (1967). Understanding factor analysis. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 11(4), 444-480.

Savolainen, R. (1999a). The role of the Internet in information seeking. Putting the networked services in context. Information Processing and Management, 35(6), 765-782.

Savolainen, R. (1999b). Seeking and using information from the Internet: The context of non-work use. In T. D. Wilson, & D. K. Allen (Eds.), Exploring the contexts of information behaviour: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (pp. 356-70). London: Taylor Graham.

Savolainen, R. (2000). Embarking on the Internet: What motivates people? Aslib Proceedings, 52(5), 185-193.

Savolainen, R., & Kari, J. (2004a). Conceptions of the Internet in everyday life information seeking. Journal of Information Science, 30(3), 219-226.

Savolainen, R., & Kari, J. (2004b). Placing the Internet in information source horizons: A study of information seeking by Internet users in the context of self-development. Library & Information Science Research, 26(4), 415-433.

Schattschneider, E. E. (1960). A semisovereign people. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Talk or conversation? Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(4), 727-723.

Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57, 9–20.

Scheufele, D.A., Nisbet, M.C., Brossard, D., & Nisbet, E.C. (2004). Social structure and citizenship: Examining the impacts of social setting, network heterogeneity, and informational variables on political participation. Political Communication, 21(3), 315-338.

Schudson, M. (2007). The anarchy of events and the anxiety of story telling. Political Communication, 24, 253–257.

Schlozman, K. L., Page, B. I., Verba, S., & Fiorina, M. (2004a). American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from www.aspaset.org

Schlozman, K. L., Page, B. I., Verba, S., & Fiorina, M. (2004b). Inequalities of political voice. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from www.aspaset.org

Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001a). "Connecting" and "disconnecting" with civic life: Patterns of Internet use and the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18, 141-162.

Shah, D. V., McLeod, M. J., & Yoon, S-H. (2001b). Communication, context, and community: An exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences. Communication Research, 28(4), 464-506.

Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling Internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32, 531-565.

Shelley, M. C., Thrane, L. E., & Shulman, S. W. (2006). Lost in cyberspace: Barriers to bridging the digital divide in e-politics. International Journal of Internet and Enterprise Management, 4(3), 228-243.

Shah, D. V., McLeod, D. M., Kim, E., Lee, S. Y., Gotlieb, M. R., Ho, S. S., & Breivik, H. (2007). Political consumerism: How communication and consumption orientations drive "lifestyle politics." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611, 217-235.

Shklovski, I., Kiesler, S., & Kraut, R. (2006). The Internet and social interaction: A meta-analysis and critique of studies, 1995-2003. In R. E. Kraut, M. Brynin & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Computers, phones, and the Internet: Domesticating information technology (pp. 251-264). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Solomon, P. (2002). Discovering information in context. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, 229-264.

Sonnenwald, D. H. (1998). Evolving perspectives of human information behaviour: Contexts, situations, social networks and information horizons. In T. D. Wilson, & D. K. Allen (Eds.), Exploring the contexts of information behaviour: Proceed8ings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (pp. 176-190). London: Taylor Graham.

Sonnenwald, D. H., & Iivonen, M. (1999). An integrated human information behavior research framework for information studies. Library & Information Science Research, 21(4), 429~V457.

Stafford, T. F., & Stafford, M. R. (2001). Identifying motivations for the use of commercial web sites. Information Resources Management Journal, 14, 22-30.

Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004). Determining uses and gratifications for the Internet. Decision Sciences, 35(2), 259-288.

Talja, S., Keso, H., & Pietiläinen, T. (1999). The production of 'context' in information seeking research: A metatheorietical view. Information Processing and Management, 35, 751-763.

Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175-185.

van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2005). The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Pub.

Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Weber, L. M., Loumakis, A., & Bergman, J. (2003). Who participates and why? An analysis of citizens on the Internet and the mass public. Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 26-42.

Weissberg, R. (2005). The limits of civic activism: Cautionary tales on the use of politics. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Wellman, B. (2004). The three ages of Internet studies: Ten, five and zero years ago. New Media & Society, 6(1), 123-129.

Wellman, B., & Haythornthwaite, C. A. (Eds.). (2002). The Internet in everyday life. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.

Wellman, B., Haase, A., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 436-455.

Wikgren, M. (2003). Everyday health information exchange and citation behaviour in Internet discussion groups. The New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 4(1), 225-239.

Wilhelm, A. G. (2000). Democracy in the digital age. London: Routledge.

Wilhelm, S. (2005). Covering the war in Iraq: Frame choices in American and German national newspapers [Electronic Version]. Journal of Intercultural Communication. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from http://www.immi.se/intercultu

Xenos, M., & Moy, P. (2007). Direct and differential effects of the Internet on political and civic engagement. Journal of Communication, 57, 704-718.

Zaller, J. (1992). The nature and origins of public opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.