The European sciences: How "open" are they for women? A review of the literature

Tüür-Fröhlich, Terje . The European sciences: How "open" are they for women? A review of the literature., 2012 In: Open Initiatives: Offenheit in der digitalen Welt und Wissenschaft. universaar, pp. 85-106. [Book chapter]

[thumbnail of Tueuer-Froehlich_European sciences.pdf]
Preview
 PDF
Tueuer-Froehlich_European sciences.pdf
Download (1MB) | Preview

English abstract

Gender inequality in sciences is an ongoing unsolved issue. Many studies have been carried out to tackle the gender specific problems in scientific communication and scientific careers. The EU-Statistics ("She Figures") document the still dominant pattern of lower female presence in higher academic ranks in almost all European Union member states. There are discrepancies between EU science policy and national social policies. The prevailing "publish or perish" attitude, atypical employment as accepted norm and the forced international mobility are factors which hamper the young and female academics' scientific careers. How open for women are the so called "open initiatives"? Women are sceptical towards FLOSS (free/libre open source software), they feel intimidated by the male dominated "chilly" working climate. Only 13 percent of the international Wikipedia writers are female. Only articles on traditionally male topics as soccer are considered as relevant in the German Wikipedia and are allowed to "survive". There is almost no open access publishing in German gender studies. Generally the surveys of attitudes and practices of scholars on open access publishing ignore the gender variable. The only exception is a larger survey of the DFG. In this study women more often than men wish more training in open access publishing techniques. A shorter earlier version of this article in German language Tüür-Fröhlich 2011.

Item type: Book chapter
Keywords: Gender, woman, female, career, scientific communication, scholarly communication, review, Frau, Karriere, Wissenschaftskommunikation, Literaturübersicht, mentor, mentorship, work life balance, dual career management, mobility, science policy, social policy
Subjects: B. Information use and sociology of information > BG. Information dissemination and diffusion.
E. Publishing and legal issues. > ED. Intellectual property: author's rights, ownership, copyright, copyleft, open access.
E. Publishing and legal issues. > EZ. None of these, but in this section.
Depositing user: Gerhard Fröhlich
Date deposited: 11 May 2012
Last modified: 02 Oct 2014 12:22
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10760/16938

References

Addis, E. & Villa, P. (2003). The Editorial boards of Italian economics journals: women, gender, and social networking. Feminist Economics, 9(1), 75-91.

Acker, S. & Armenti, C. (2004). Sleepless in academia. Gender and Education, 16(1), 3-24.

Ackers, L. (2004). Managing relationships in peripatetic careers: scientific mobility in the European Union. Women’s Studies International Forum, 27(3), 189-201.

Ackers, L. & Oliver, L. (2008). Penalized for being mobile? National pension schemes as an obstacle to mobility for researchers in the European higher education area. Summary of proceedings by the general rapporteurs. German Rectors‘ Conference, 12. - 13.6.2008 Berlin. Retrieved July 7, 2010, from http://www.hrk.de/bologna/de/download/dateien/HRK_Bologna_Seminar._Final_Report._September_2008.pdf

Baker, M. (2008). The family life of academics: Gendered priorities and institutional constraints. Annual Conference of the Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/afrc10/bakerpaper.pdf

Baker, M. (2009). Gender, academia and the managerial university. New Zealand Sociology, 24(1), 24-48.

Blickenstaff, J.C. (2005). Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter? Gender and Education, 17(4), 369-386.

Bornmann, L. , Mutz, R. & Daniel, H.- D. (2007). Gender differences in grant peer review. A meta-analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 1(3), 226-238.

Bryson, C. (2004). The consequences for women in the academic profession of the widespread use of fixed term contracts. Gender, Work and Organization, 11(2), 187-206.

Council of European Union (2008). Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/st06655-re01.en08.pdf

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (Ed.). (2005a). Publikationsstrategien im Wandel? Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zum Publikations- und Rezeptionsverhalten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Open Access. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/evaluation_statistik/programm_evaluation/studie_publikationsstrategien_bericht_dt.pdf

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (Ed.). (2005b). Publikationsstrategien im Wandel? Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zum Publikations- und Rezeptionsverhalten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Open Access. Tabellenband. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/evaluation_statistik/programm_evaluation/studie_

publikationsstrategien_tabellenband.pdf

Dupont, B. (2011). Wissenschaftlerinnenkarrieren: Gespräch mit Gerlind Wallon, der stellvertretenden EMBO-Direktorin in Heidelberg. Laborjournal, 10, 32-36.

European Commission (2008a). Gender Equality report Sixth Framework Programme. European Research Area. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/gender-equality-report-fp6-final_en.pdf

European Commission (2008b). Family life and the needs of an ageing population. Flash EB (Eurobarometer) Series No. 247. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_247_en.pdf

European Commission (2008c). Family life and the needs of an ageing population. Flash EB (Eurobarometer) Series No. 247 (Summary). Retrieved September 28, 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_247_sum_en.pdf

European Commission (2008d). Evidence on the main factors inhibiting mobility and career development of researchers. Final Report. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/pdf/research_policies/rindicate_final_report_2008_11_june_08_v4.pdf

European Commission (2009). She figures 2009 - statistics and indicators on gender equality in science. Luxembourg : Publications office of the European Union.

European Commission (2010). Eurostat - Annual data graduation from tertiary education according to ISCED97, by gender. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do

Fox, M.F. (2005). Gender, family characteristics and publication productivity among scientists. Social Studies of Science, 35(1), 131-150.

Fröhlich, G. (1996). The (Surplus) Values of Scientific Communication. Review of Information Science, 1(2). Retrieved August 3, 2010, from http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00008670/

Fröhlich, G. (2009a). Die Wissenschaftstheorie fordert OPEN ACCESS. Information: Wissenschaft & Praxis, 60 (5), 256-261. Retrieved September 3, 2009, from http://www.b-i-t-online.de/pdf/IWP2009-5.pdf

Fröhlich, G. (Hg.) (2009b). Open Access. Information: Wissenschaft & Praxis, 60(5) (special issue). Retrieved September 3, 2009, from http://www.b-i-t-online.de/pdf/IWP2009-5.pdf

Fuchs, S. , Von Stebut, J. & Allmendinger, J. (2001). Gender, science and scientific organisations in Germany. Minerva, 39, 175-201.

Glott, R., Schmidt, P. & Ghosh, R. (2010). Wikipedia Survey – Overview of Results. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from Wikipedia_Overview_15March2010-FINAL.pdf

Glover, J. (2002). Women and Scientific Employment: Current Perspectives from the UK. Science Studies, 15(1), 29-45.

Grant, L. & Ward, K. (1991). Gender and publishing in sociology. Gender and Society, 5(2), 207-223.

Guerrina, R. (2002). Mothering in Europe: feminist critique of European policies on motherhood and employment. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(1), 49-68.

Hantrais, L. & Ackers, P. (2005). Women’s choices in Europe: striking the work-life balance. European journal of industrial relations, 11(2), 197-212.

Hargittai, E. & Shafer, S. (2006). Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 432-448. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://www.drdobbs.com/184415216

Henschel, N. (2007). Open Access an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin – Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur Nutzung wissenschaftlicher Repositorien. Masterarbeit, Humboldt Universität Berlin. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from edoc.hu-berlin.de/master/Trash/PDF/trash.pdf

Huisman, J. , de Weert, E. & Bertelse, J. (2002). Academic careers from a European perspective: the declining desirability of the faculty position. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(1), 141-160.

Husu, L. (2002). Sexism, support and survival in academia: the Finnish experience. In: Maxwell, L. , Slavin, K. & Young, K. (eds.), Gender & Research, (203-207). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Husu, L. (2005). Towards gender equality in academia: problems, policies and practices. In: Thaler, A. & Wächter, C. (eds.), International Conference “Creating Cultures of Success for Women Engineers” Conference Proceedings, (13-33). Graz: IFF/IFZ.

Keogh, J. ; Garrick, B. & Fera, L. (2006). If you actually don’t do research you’re history: Casual academic workers and work choices. In: ATN WEXDEV International Conference 2006 Change in Climate? Prospects for Gender Equity in Universities, Adelaide, South Australia. Retrieved September 24, 2009, from http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:120989/If_you_actually_don_t_do_research.pdf

Laas, A. (2007). Estonia: Country Report. In: Šatkovskiene, D. (ed.) Women in science and high technology in the Baltic States. Problems and solutions, (160-194). Vilnius: Vilnius University Press.

Layzell, D.T. (1999). Higher education’s changing environment: faculty productivity and the reward structure. In: Tierny W.G. (ed.) Faculty productivity: facts, fictions, and issues, (3-37). NY: Falmer Press.

Ledin, A. , Bornmann, L. , Gannon F. & Wallon, G. (2007). A persistent problem. Traditional gender roles hold back female scientists. EMBO reports, 8(11), 982-987.

Le Feuvre, N. (2009). Exploring women’s academic careers in cross-national perspective. Equal Opportunities International, 28(1), 9-23.

Levesque, M. & Wilson, G. (2004). Women in Software - Open Source, Cold Shoulder. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://www.drdobbs.com/184415216

Lewis, J. (2006). Work/family reconciliation, equal opportunities and social policies: the interpretation of policy trajectories at the EU level and the meaning of gender equality. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(3), 420-437.

Liff, S. & Shepherd, A. (2004). An evolving gender digital divide? Oxford Internet Institute Research Paper Series, Brief No. 2. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1308492

Lin, Y. (2005). Gender Dimensions of Floss Development. Mute Magazine, 2(1), 38-42.

Lind, I. (2007). Ursachen der Unterrepräsentanz von Wissenschaftlerinnen – individuelle Entscheidungen oder strukturelle Barrieren? In: Wissenschaftsrat (Ed.) Exzellenz in Wissenschaft und Forschung – Neue Wege in der Gleichstellungspolitik, (59-86). Köln: Wissenschaftsrat.

Loeb, J.W. (2001). The role of recognition and reward in research productivity: implications for partner collaboration. In: Creamer E. & associates (eds.), Working equal: academic couples as collaborators, (167-185). NY: RoutledgeFalmer.

Lyman, J. (2005). Getting in touch with the feminine side of open source. Linux Today, Aug 9, 2005. Retrieved June 8, 2010, from http://www.linux.com/archive/articles/47040

Melin, G. (2005). The dark side of mobility: negative experiences of doing a post-doc period abroad. Research Evaluation, 14(3), 229-237.

Milem, J.F., Sherlin, J. & Irwin, L. (2001). The importance of collegial networks to college and university faculty. In: Creamer E. & associates: Working equal: academic couples as collaborators, (146-166). NY: RoutledgeFalmer.

Millard, D. (2005). The impact of clustering on scientific mobility. A case study of the UK. Innovation, 18(3), 343-359.

Merton, R. K. (1938). Science and the Social Order. Philosophy of Science, 5 (3), 321-337.

Metz-Göckel, S. (2009). Diskrete Diskriminierungen und persönliches Glück im Leben von Wissenschaftler/innen. In: Aulenbacher, B. / Riegraf, B. (Ed.). Erkenntnis und Methode. Geschlechterforschung in Zeiten des Umbruchs, (27-49). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Monroe, K., Ozyurt, S., Wrigley, T. & Alexander, A. (2008). Gender equality in academia: bad news from the trenches, and some possible solutions. Perspective on Politics, 6(2), 215-233.

Moore, D. (2002). Thresholds, hurdles and ceilings: career patterns of women in Israeli academia. In: Fogelberg, P. , Hearn, J. , Husu, L. & Mankkinen T. (eds.), Hard Work in the Academy, (116-123). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.

Myers, J. H. (2008). Can women avoid the Research-Publication Vortex? 12th CCWESTT Conference Proceedings, (63-69), Guelph, Ontario. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/cwse/CanWomenAvoidtheResearchPublicationVortex.pdf

Pascall, G. & Lewis, J. (2004). Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe. Social Politics, 33(3), 373-394.

Powell, W. (2009). Effects of gender socialization on females in the open source community. Retrieved March 6, 2010, from http://short-stack.net/Paper.pdf

Puuska, H.-M. (2009). Effects of scholar’s gender and professional position on publishing productivity in different publication types. Analysis of a Finnish university. Scientometrics, 82(2), 419-437.

Radio FRO (2011). Frauen im Feld alter und neuer Medien – Frauen in Wissenschaft und Forschung. Retrieved May 16, 2011, from http://cba.fro.at/45908

Rossiter, M.W. (1993). The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science. Social Studies of Science, 23(2), 325- 341.

Rothstein, M. G. & Davey, L. M. (1995). Gender differences in network relationships in academia. Women in Management Review, 10(6), 20-25.

Sassen, C. (2009). Gender and authorship in The Indexer 1958-2007. The Indexer, 27 (4), 164-168.

Santos G. G. & Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2008). Work-family culture in academia: a gendered view of work-family conflict and coping strategies. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23(6), 442-457.

Šatkovskiene, D. (ed., 2007). Women in science and high technology in the Baltic States. Problems and solutions. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press.

Schiffbänker, H. & Reidl, S. (2009). Frauenkarrieren in F&E: Erfahrungen von aktiven und ausgestiegenen (Drop-Outs) Forscherinnen und Technikerinnen in der industriellen und außeruniversitären Forschung. Wien: Joanneum Research, Institut für Technologie- und Regionalpolitik.

Sonnert, G. (1995-1996). Gender Equity in science: still an elusive goal. Issues in Science and Technology, 12(2), 53-58.

Stalford, H. (2005). Parenting, care and mobility in the EU. Innovation, 18 (3), 361-380.

Tibes, A. & Beuter, I. (2006). Ein europäischer Blick auf die Situation von Frauen in der Wissenschaft. soFid Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, 2, 13 – 24.

Towers, S. (2008). A case study of gender bias at the postdoctoral level in physics, and its resulting impact on the academic career advancement of females. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.2026

Tullney, M. (2011). Die Modernisierung wissenschaftlichen Publizierens in der Geschlechterforschung durch Open Access. Retrieved August 16, 2011, from http://open-access-to-gender-research.de/

Tüür-Fröhlich, T. (2011a). Closed vs. Open Access: Szientometrische Untersuchung dreier sozialwissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften aus der Genderperspektive. Information: Wissenschaft und Praxis (IWP), 62(4), 173-176. http://eprints.rclis.org/handle/10760/16016

Tüür-Fröhlich, T. (2011b). Wie „offen“ sind die europäischen Wissenschaften für Frauen? Information: Wissenschaft und Praxis (IWP), 62(6-7), 279-284. http://eprints.rclis.org/handle/10760/16764

Tüür-Fröhlich, T. (2010). Gender, Social Sciences, Open Access. Master Thesis. Johannes Kepler University Linz.

Vogel, U. & Hinz, Ch. (2004). Wissenschaftskarriere, Geschlecht und Fachkultur. Bielefeld: Kleine Verlag.

Van Anders, S.M. (2004). Why the academic pipeline leaks: fewer men than women perceive barriers to becoming professor. Sex Roles, 51(9/10), 511-521.

Vandemeulebroecke, L. & de Munter, A. (2002). Women’s academic careers in the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In: Fogelberg, P. , Hearn, J. , Husu, L. & Mankkinen T. (eds.), Hard Work in the Academy, (128-135). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.

Walby, S. (2004). The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime. Social Politics, 11(1), 4 -29.

Walby, S. (2005). Measuring women’s progress in a global area. International Social Science Journal (ISSJ), 57(184), 371-387.

Weishaupt, K. (2008). Open-Access-Zeitschriften: Entwicklung von Maßnahmen zur Akzeptanzsteigerung auf der Basis einer Autorenbefragung. Dissertation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/weishaupt-karin-2009-05-13/PDF/weishaupt.pdf

Wenneras, C. / Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review, Nature, 387, 341-343 .


Downloads

Downloads per month over past year

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item
Contact us
Send email Sponsors
Sponsor: AIMS Sponsor: D&P Sponsor: UniNa CAB Get connected
Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Linkedin LinkedIn RSS RSS