Rocks in the Whirlpool

Introduction - Notes

(1) Barbara J. Ford, "Libraries: Global Reach-Local Touch," in Libraries: Global Reach: Local Touch, edited by Kathleen de la Peña McCook, Barbara J. Ford, and Kate Lippincott (Chicago: American Library Association, 1998), p. 4.

(2) Rubin Patterson and Ernest J. Wilson, III. "New IT and Social Inequality: Resetting the Research and Policy Agenda." The Information Society 16 (2000): 85.

(3) American Library Association. Office for Intellectual Freedom "ALERT: USA PATRIOT ACT." Accessed April 16, 2002.

(4) Association for Library Collections and Technical Services. "AACR2 and Metadata" (March, 2002). Accessed April 16, 2002.

Toward the Concept of Access - Notes

(1) Wayne A. Wiegand, The Politics of an Emerging Profession: The American Library Association, 1876-1917 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 230.

(2) Sidney H. Ditzion, Arsenals of a Democratic Culture (Chicago: American Library Association, 1947), pp. 108-109; 110-128; see also his" Social Reform, Education and the Library." Library Quarterly 9 (April, 1939).

(3) Wiegand, p. 235.

(4) Plummer Alston Jones, Jr. Libraries, Immigrants, and the American Experience (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 195.

(5) Jones, p.30.

(6) One always has great discomfort characterizing history simply and thus it should be pointed out that those wishing to explore the complex forces that shaped modern librarianship in the United States should read the work of Wayne A. Wiegand (supra and all of his extensive library history research) and others including, but not limited to Dee Garrison, Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876-1920 (New York: Free Press, 1979); Michael H. Harris, "State, Class and Cultural Reproduction: Toward a Theory of Library Service in the United States," in Advances in Librarianship, edited by Wesley Simonton (New York: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 211-252; Suzanne Hildenbrand, "Women in Library History: From the Politics of Library History to the History of Library Politics," In Reclaiming the American Library Past: Writing the Women In (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1996), pp. 1-23; Francis Miksa, "The Interpretation of Public Library History," in Public Librarianship: A Reader, ed. Jane Robbins-Carter (Littleton: Colorado, 1982), pp. 73-90; Frederick Stielow, "Reconsidering Arsenals of a Democratic Culture." In Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty. Ed. Nancy Kranich (Chicago: American Library Association, 2001), pp.3-14; Paula Watson, "Founding Mothers: the Contribution of Women's Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States" Library Quarterly 64 (July 1994): 233-69;

(7) Dennis Thomison, A History of the American Library Association, 1876-1972 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), pp. 70- 71.

(8) Thomison, pp. 82-83.

(9) Redmond Kathleen Molz, National Planning for Library Service: 1935-1975 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1984), p. 75.

(10) Amy D. Rose, "Beyond the Classroom Walls: The Carnegie Corporation and the Founding of the American Association for Adult Education," Adult Education Quarterly 39 (Spring 1989): 140-151.

(11) William S. Learned, The American Public Library and the Diffusion of Knowledge (New York: Harcourt, 1924).

(12) American Library Association, Commission on the Library and Adult Education, Libraries and Adult Education (Chicago: American Library Association, 1926). For additional background on the Adult Education Board meetings and minutes through its history see archives of the American Library Association under Reference and User Services Association. 30/0/0. Accessed April 16, 2002.

(13) Robert S. Martin, "Returning to the Center: Libraries, Knowledge and Education." Speech before the Colorado Library Association, October 29, 2001. Accessed April 16, 2002.

(14) Tommie Dora Barker, Libraries of the South: A Report on Development (Chicago: American Library Association, 1936). See also James Vinson Carmichael, Jr. Tommie Dora Barker and Southern Librarianship. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1988. Other items relating to the extension of library services to rural areas include Library Extension: A Study of Public Library Conditions and Needs (Chicago: American Library Association, 1926); Equalizing Library Opportunities (Chicago: American Library Association, Library Extension Board, 1927); How to Organize a County Library Campaign (Chicago: American Library Association, Library Extension Board, 1927); see also other publications of ALA's Library Extension Committee and Board. The work of Louis Round Wilson in promoting and evaluation of library services in the south, sometimes through the American Library Association and then through a regional approach, also illuminates the growing focus on equity. For background see Louis R. Wilson and Edward A. Wight, County Library Service in the South: A Study of the Rosenwald County Library Demonstration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935).

(15) "Library Projects Under Public Works, Civil Works and Relief Administrations." Bulletin of the American Library Association 27 (December, 1933): 539. National leaders like Louis R. Wilson based in the North Carolina were able to speak out for citizen involvement. Connected to ALA's Extension efforts, see Frank P. Graham, "Citizen's Library Movements," Library Extension News 14 (May, 1932), p.2. For an overview of this effort in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, see Mary Edna Anders, The Development of Public Library Service in the Southeastern States, 1895-1950, Dissertation, Columbia University, 1958, pp. 69-80. For an in-depth study of the North Carolina Citizens' Library Movement, see William Eury, "The Citizens' Library Movement in North Carolina," MA Thesis, George Peabody College for Teachers, August, 1951.

(16) Peggy Sullivan, Carl H. Milam and the American Library Association (New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1976); quoting Memorandum from Carl H. Milam to ALA Council, p. 165).

(17) Redmond Kathleen Molz, National Planning for Library Service: 1935-1975 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1984). p.37. Molz' monograph is requisite reading to understand the enormous energy and commitment made at this time to move library concerns to a national arena. Molz provides documentation to key primary sources that are essential to recognizing the scope of this achievement by ALA leaders.

(18) Sullivan (from American Library Association, Executive Board, Minutes, January 11-13, 1934), p. 165. ALA Executive Board. Announcement to membership: Carl H. Milam, "National Planning for Libraries." Bulletin of the American Library Association 28 (February 1934): 60-62. "Looking Toward National Planning," Bulletin of the American Library Association 28 (August 1934): 453-460.

(19) "A National Plan for Libraries," Bulletin of the American Library Association 29 (February 1935): 91-98.

(20) Molz, 1984, p.37.

(21) American Library Association, The Equal Chance: Books Help to Make It (Chicago: American Library Association, 1936), p. 15.

(22) Frank P. Graham, "The Library as A Social and Democratic Force," Bulletin of the American Library Association 30 (December 1936): 987.

(23) Carleton B. Joeckel from his 1938 report, Library Service, Staff Study 11 prepared for the U.S. Advisory Committee on Education as quoted in "The United States Office of Education: Progress and Potentialities of Its Library Programs" eds. Douglas M. Knight and E. Shepley Nourse, Libraries at Large: Tradition, Innovation, and the National Interest. (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1969). p. 468.

(24) "A National Plan for Libraries," Bulletin of the American Library Association 33 (February 1939): 136-150.

(25) Alvin Johnson, The Public Library&emdash;A People's University (New York: American Association for Adult Education, 1938).

(26) Molz, 1984, pp. 39-63. Chapter Three, "The Most Important Committee." The ALA Committee on Post-War Planning," provides keen insight into the role ALA played in keeping library concerns on the table during planning for the post-war period. The future of federal funding for libraries was developed during this time due to the tenacity and perseverance of the ALA leadership working in close concert with the Carl H. Milam and Headquarters staff. It was an adroit move, and to great credit for Carlton B. Joeckel, that ensured the publication on post-war planning was funded and legitimized by the National Planning Resources Board (Molz, p. 51). See also Sullivan, pp. 135-140. See also records in the ALA Archives: Post-War Planning Committee File, 1941-1948, including correspondence, reports, drafts, minutes, budgets, statistics, surveys, lists, proposals and plans concerning a restatement of public library standards -- Post-War Standards for Public Libraries (1943), undertaken by the ALA at the request of the National Resources Planning Board; a comparison of existing library services with the standards; the formulation of the detailed A National Plan for Public Library Service (1947) including a Plan for Public Library Service in America; and post- war planning for school, college and university libraries. Accessed April 16, 2002.

(27) Carlton B. Joeckel, Post-War Planning for Public Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1943).

(28) Joeckel and Winslow, pp. 30-31.

(29) Joeckel and Winslow, p. 160.

(30) Carlton B. Joeckel and Amy Winslow. A National Plan for Public Library Service (Chicago: American Library Association, 1948), p. 30.

(31) Thomison, pp. 162-164.

(32) Molz, pp. 62-63.

(33) Douglas Raber, Librarianship and Legitimacy: The Ideology of the Public Library Inquiry (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997), p.43.

(34) Raber, "The Public Library and the Postwar World," pp.23-36 and "The Beginnings of the Public Library Inquiry," pp. 37-49. The Public Library Inquiry consisted of seven volumes all published by Columbia University Press: Bernard Berelson, The Library's Public (1949); Alice I. Bryan, The Public Librarian (1952); Oliver Garceau, The Public Library in the Political Process (1949); Robert D. Leigh, The Public Library in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1950; James L. McCamy, Government Publications for the Citizen (1949); William Miller, The Book Industry (1949); and Gloria Waldren, The Information Film (1949). Supplementary reports were issued on library finance, public use of the library, effects of the mass media, music materials, and work measurement. For complete list see Raber, p.82.

(35) "Reply to Discussants, by Bernard Berelson, Dean, Graduate Library School, University of Chicago" in A Forum on the Public Library Inquiry ed. Lester Asheim (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970; reprinting of text originally by New York, Columbia University press, 1950), p. 62.

(36) Mary Niles Maack, "Public Libraries in Transition: Ideals, Strategies and Research." Libraries and Culture 29 (Winter 1994): 79.

(37) Douglas Raber, "Everything Old is New Again," American Libraries 30 (September 1999): 54. See also his "Theoretical Analysis," in Librarianship and Legitimacy, pp. 144-151.

(38) Jorge Reina Schement, "Imagining Fairness: Equality and Equity of Access in Search of Democracy," in Libraries and Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty ed. Nancy Kranich (Chicago: American Library Association, 2001), p.21.

(39) Marilyn Gell Mason, The Federal Role in Library and Information Services (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1983), pp. 58-59. For additional background see "Federal Aid to Libraries: Its History, Impact, Future," ed. Genevieve M. Casey Library Trends 24 (July 1975) especially, James W. Fry, "LSA and LSCA, 1956-1973: A Legislative History," Library Trends 24 (July 1975): 7-26; also Edward G. Holey and Robert Schremser, The Library Services and Construction Act: An Historical Overview from the Viewpoint of Major Participants (Greenwich, CN: JAI Press, 1983).

(40) Phillip Monypenny, The Library Functions of the States (Chicago: American Library Association, 1966).

(41) "Historical Perspective on the LSCA," ALA Washington Office. Accessed April 16, 2002.

(42) Redmond Kathleen Molz and Phyllis Dain, Civic Space/Cyber Space: The American Public Library in the Information Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), pp.97-98.

(43) Douglas M. Knight and E. Shepley Nourse, Libraries at Large: Tradition, Innovation, and the National Interest, (The Resource Book Based on the Materials of the National Advisory Commission on Libraries) (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1969).

(44) NCLIS at 25. Accessed April 16, 2002.

(45) National Commission of Libraries and Information Science, Toward a National Program for Library and Information Services: Goals for Action, (Washington, D.C. U.S. G.P.O., 1975), p. xi.

(46) Ibid. pp. 39-49.

(47) Molz, 1984, p. 120.

(48) NCLIS at 25. Accessed April 16, 2002. White House Conference on Library and Information Services. Information for the 1980's: Final Report of the White House Conference on Library and Information Services, 1979. (Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, 1980).

(49) U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Federal Involvement in Libraries: The Federal Role in the Federal System-The Dynamic of Growth. Report A-84 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1980). P.33. See also a series of discussions on this report in Redmond Kathleen Molz, Library Planning and Policy Making: The Legacy of the Public and Private Sectors (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990) pp.48-52; Redmond Kathleen Molz, The Federal Roles in Support of Public Library Services: An Overview (Chicago: ALA, 1990), pp. 8-9; and Redmond Kathleen Molz and Phyllis Dain, Civic Space/Cyber Space: The American Public Library in the Information Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 100-104.

(50) White House Conference on Library and Information Services Information 2000: Library and Information Services for the 21st Century. (Washington, DC: The Conference, 1991), p. 430; see also: Kathleen de la Peña McCook, Toward a Just and Productive Society: An Analysis of the Recommendations of the White House Conference on Library and Information Services (Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. 1993 [i.e. 1994]); White House Conference on Library and Information Services Task Force. Summary of Actions to Implement the 96 Recommendations and Petitions of the 1991 White House Conference on Library and Information Services: March 1994 through December 1996 (Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, 1997). Accessed April 17, 2002.

(51) Redmond Kathleen Molz and Phyllis Dain. Civic Space/Cyber Space: The American Public Library in the Information Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), p.104.

(52) Institute of Museum and Library Services. "Museum and Library Services Act of 1996." Accessed April 17, 2002.

(53) ALA Washington Office, "Museum and Library Services Act of 1996-Reauthorization Due in 2002." Accessed April 17, 2002.

(54) American Library Association. "ALA and Council Committees-Legislation." Accessed May 2, 2002.

(55) American Library Association, Washington Office. Accessed May 2, 2002.

Downstream Access: Getting to the Table - Notes

(1) William S. Learned, The American Public Library and the Diffusion of Knowledge (New York: Harcourt, 1924). American Library Association, Commission on the Library and Adult Education, Libraries and Adult Education (Chicago: American Library Association, 1926). See also related discussion above as the commitment to adult education was a strong factor in ALA's work for a national library plan. Also, see Alvin Johnson, The Public Library-A People's University (New York: American Association for Adult Education, 1938) and for an overview of literacy services to 1990 see Gary O. Rolstad, "Literacy Services in Public Libraries" in Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries, ed. Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Heim) and Danny P. Wallace (Chicago: American Library Association, 1990), pp. 245-265.

(2) Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Peggy Barber, Chronology of Milestones for Libraries and Adult Lifelong Learning and Literacy. 2002. ERIC. ED 458888.

(3) Helen H. Lyman, Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries (as Helen Lyman Smith) (Chicago: ALA, 1954).

(4) Margaret E. Monroe. Library Adult Education: The Biography of an Idea (New York: Scarecrow Press, 1963). (5) Bernice McDonald. Literacy Activities and Public Libraries (Chicago: ALA, 1964).

(6) Robert Ellis Lee, Continuing Education for Adults through the American Public Library 1833-1966 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1966).

(7) Helen H. Lyman, Library Materials in Service to the Adult New Reader (Chicago: ALA, 1973).

(8) Helen H. Lyman, Reading and the Adult New Reader (Chicago: ALA, 1976).

(9) Helen H. Lyman, Literacy and the Nation's Libraries (Chicago: ALA, 1977).

(10) White House Conference on Library and Information Services. Information for the 1980's: Final Report of the White House Conference on Library and Information Services, 1979. (Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, 1980).

(11) In 1965 the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act was passed creating the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). In 1979 a program to support humanities programs in public libraries was established. National Endowment for the Humanities, "Who We Are - Timeline." Accessed April 17, 2002. Since its beginning the American Library Association, most often through the Public Programs Office, has collaborated with NEH to develop library-based humanities programming. "Overview of the ALA Public Programs Office. Accessed April 17, 2002.

(12) Kate Lippincott, Kathleen de la Peña McCook, and Sara M. Taffae, 25 Years of Outreach: A Bibliographic Timeline of the American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services. ERIC. ED 396755. This document spans 25 years of the American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS). For each year (1968-1996), major activities, resolutions/ALA proceedings, and/or publications involving ALA's literacy programs are cited.

(13) Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries, ed. Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Heim) and Danny P. Wallace (Chicago: American Library Association, 1990.)

(14) Douglas Zweizig, Jane Robbins, Debra Wilcox Johnson, Libraries and Literacy Education (Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O, 1988).

(15) Peggy Barber, "The American Library Association's Literacy Initiatives," in Literacy and Libraries: Learning from Case Studies, ed. GraceAnn DeCandido (Chicago, American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services, 2001), pp. 154-158.

(16) White House Conference on Library and Information Services, Information 2000: Library and Information Services for the 21st Century. (Washington, DC: The Conference, 1991).

(17) American Library Association, "Born to Read." Accessed April 17, 2002.

(18) McCook & Barber.

(19) Gail Spangenberg, Even Anchors Need Lifelines. (Washington, D.C. Center for the Book in the Library of Congress, 1996).

(20) Literacy and Libraries: Learning from Case Studies, ed. GraceAnne A. DeCandido. (Chicago: ALA, 2001).

(21) BuildLiteracy.org developed by ALA and the National Alliance of Urban Literacy Councils in partnership with the National Institute for Literacy. Administered by ALA OLOS. Accessed April 17, 2002.

(22) Alma Dawson, "Celebrating African- American Librarians and Librarianship," Library Trends 49 (summer 2000): 49-87.

(23) Tommie Dora Barker, Libraries of the South: A Report on Development (Chicago: American Library Association, 1936); Louis R. Wilson and Edward A. Wight, County Library Service in the South: A Study of the Rosenwald County Library Demonstration (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1935), 5-15.

(24) Carlton B. Joeckel and Amy Winslow. A National Plan for Public Library Service, pp. 19-20.

(25) Eliza Atkins Gleason, The Southern Negro and the Public Library: A Study of Government and Administration of Public Library Service to Negroes in the South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941). For a more information (inter alia) see, E. J. Josey, The Black Librarian in America, (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1970); A.P. Marshall, "Service to African-Americans," in H. Jackson and E.J. Josey, Century of Service (Chicago: American Library Association, 1976), pp. 62-78; Rosemary Ruhig Du Mont, "Race in American Librarianship: Attitudes of the Library Profession" Journal of Library History 21 (summer 1986): 488-509; E.J. Josey, "Race Issues in Library History," in W.A. Wiegand and D.G. Davis, eds. Encyclopedia of Library History (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994), pp.533-537; John M. Tucker, Untold Stories: Civil Rights, Libraries and Black Librarianship (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 1998); Alma Dawson, op. cit.

(26) Dennis Thomison, A History of the American Library Association, 1876-1972 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), 212.

(27) American Library Association. Office for Intellectual Freedom. Intellectual Freedom Manual. 6th edition (Chicago: American Library Association, 2002), pp. 64-65.

(28) Thomison, pp, 212-213.

(29) Thomison, p. 217.

(30) Thomison, p. 219.

(31) Thomison, p.220.

(32) Access to Public Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1963); "The Access to Public Libraries Study, " ALA Bulletin 57 (September 1963): 742-745.

(33) Access to Public Libraries, p. xii.

(34) Access to Public Libraries, p. xiii.

(35) "The Access to Public Libraries Study, " ALA Bulletin 57 (September 1963): 744.

(36) "Report on the Study of Access to Public Libraries by the Library Administration Division to the ALA Council Midwinter Meeting," ALA Bulletin 58 (April 1964): 299-304.

(37) Eric Moon "The Silent Giant," Library Journal 89 (February 15, 1964): 812-816; his"Reading the Lessons," Library Journal 89 (February 15, 1964): 817 and Kenneth F. Kister, "Exploding the Silent Subject," in Eric Moon: The Life and Library Times (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2002), pp. 152-176.

(38) Eric Moon, " A 'Chapter' Chapter: E.J., ALA, and Civil Rights," in E.J. Josey: An Activist Librarian edited by Ismail Abdullahi (Metuchen: NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992), p. 51.

(39) Thomison, p. 223. -224 as reported in "Report of the Council Committee on Freedom of Access to Libraries, July 15, 1966.

(40) ALA Council minutes, 1964, Midwinter Meeting, pp. 4,7,exhibit 4, p.8.

(41) Special Council Committee on Freedom of Access to Libraries, ALA Bulletin 62 (July-August 1968): 883-887. and see "Report to Council" Kansas City Annual Conference, June 23-28, 1968. Chair, Keith Doms. From ALA Archives (record group 18/1/56, Box2).

(42) Toni Samek. Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility in American Librarianship, 1967 -1974. (Chicago: ALA, 2001). Quote is on p. 46.

(43) American Library Association. Committee on Economic Opportunity Programs. Library Service to the Disadvantaged: A Study Based on Responses to Questionnaires from Public Libraries Serving Populations Over 15,000. Prepared for the Coordinating Council on Library Services to the Disadvantaged. (Chicago: ALA, 1969).

(44) The work of ALA and librarians in service to the unserved beginning during this period is documented (inter alia) in the following: Carla J. Stoffle, "Public Library Service to the Disadvantaged: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography, 1964-1968." Library Journal 94 (January 15, 1969): 141-152 and (February 1, 1969): 507-515. Eleanor F. Brown, Library Services to the Disadvantaged (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1971), pp. 20-21; Kathleen Weibel, The Evolution of Library Outreach, 1960-1975 and Its Effects on Reader Services: Some Considerations (University of Illinois, Occasional Paper, Number 16. Urbana, IL.: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 1982). ERIC ED 231376;Charlene Cain, "Public Library Service to Minorities" in Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries, ed. Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Heim) and Danny P. Wallace (Chicago: American Library Association, 1990), pp.212-244; Kate Lippincott, Kathleen de la Peña McCook, and Sara M. Taffae, 25 Years of Outreach: A Bibliographic Time Line of the American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services, 1996. ERIC ED 396 755; Kathleen de la Peña McCook, "Poverty, Democracy and Public Libraries," in Libraries and Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty ed. Nancy Kranich (Chicago: American Library Association, 2001), pp. 28-46. For ALA Archives. See Office for Literacy and Outreach Services administrative record accessed April 19, 2002.

(45) Jean E. Coleman's work is remembered by the Annual American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services "Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture." She was also honored at the 25th anniversary of the Office in 1996. See ALA Office for Literacy and Outreach Services. Accessed April 19, 2002.

(46) "Introduction: Makeover Without a Mirror-A Face for Lesbigay Library History," in Daring to Find Our Names: The Search Lesbigay Library History edited by James V. Carmichael, Jr. (Westport: CN: Greenwood, 1998), p.2. For text of resolution passed by ALA Council in June 1971, see in the same volume, Barbara Gittings, "Gays in Library Land: The Gay and Lesbian Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years," p. 92, n.4.

(47) American Library Association, Social Responsibilities Round Table, Accessed May 2, 2002. http://libr.org/SRRT/.The SRRT Feminist Task Force (SRRT FTF) brings active feminism to ALA. Focuses on women's issues and experiences and on the exchange of information and resources on women's issues. Serves as a vehicle for feminist activism within the profession through coalition building, programs and activities such as mentoring and promotion of women's presses. Publishes quarterly newsletter, Women in Libraries. American Library Association. "ALA and Council Committees-Status of Women in Librarianship (COSWL)." Accessed May 2, 2002. http://www.ala.org/ala/ourassociation/governanceb/council/counccommittees/women.htmCommittee on the Status of Women in Librarianship approved by Council in July 1976, include to officially represent the diversity of women's interest within ALA and to ensure that the Association considers the rights of the majority (women) in the library field. The bibliographic history of women in the profession and women librarians developing services for women has been well-documented in the series of publications initially issued by the SRRT FTF and later continued by COSWL: Kathleen Weibel, Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Dianne J. Ellsworth, The Status of Women in Librarianship, 1876-1976 (Phoenix: Oryx Press, a Neal-Schuman Professional Book, 1979); Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Katharine Phenix, On Account of Sex: An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Women in Librarianship, 1977-1981 (Chicago: ALA, 1984) Katharine Phenix and Kathleen de la Peña McCook (1982-1986) (Chicago: ALA, 1989); later years by Lori A Goetsch; Sarah Watstein (1987-1992) (Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1993) Betsy Kruger; Catherine A Larson; Allison A Cowgill (1993-1997) Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 2000).

(48)American Indian Library Association. Accessed May 4, 2002. Asian/Pacific American Library Association (APALA). Accessed May 4, 2002. Black Caucus of the American Library Association (BCALA). Accessed May 4, 2002. Chinese-Americans Library Association (CALA). Accessed May 4, 2002. REFORMA-National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish-Speaking. Accessed May 4, 2002. See also American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services. "Librarians' Associations of Color" Accessed May 4, 2002.

(49) National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. Task Force on Library and Information Services to Cultural Minorities. (Washington, D.C.: NCLIS, 1983).

(50) American Library Association. President's Commission on Library Service to Minorities. Equity at Issue: Library Services to the Nation's Four Major Minority Groups. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1986).

(51) Sibyl E. Moses, Addressing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity: A Report on Activities of the American Library Association, 1986-1989 (ALA, OLOS: 1990).

(52) Patricia A Tarin, Equal Voices, Many Choices: Ethnic Library Organizations Respond to ALA's Goal 2000 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1997).

(53) Sandra R¡os Balderrama, "This Trend called Diversity," Library Trends 49 (summer 2000): 194-214. For other essays on the current status of the development of librarianship among people of color see Kathleen de la Peña McCook, ed. Ethnic Diversity in Library and Information Science. Library Trends 49 (summer 2000). Bibliographic essays on the history and professional organizations of ethnic and minority librarians. Includes African-Americans Librarians (Alma Dawson); Asian-Pacific Librarians (Kenneth A. Yamashita); Chinese-American Librarians (Mengxiong Liu); Latino Librarians (Salvador Gere¤a and Edward Erazo); Native American Librarians (Lotsee Patterson).

(54) Association of College and Research Libraries, "ACRL Guidelines for the Preparation of Policies on Library Access." Accessed April 19, 2002.

(55) "Roads to Learning: The Public Libraries' Learning Disabilities Initiative." Accessed April 19, 2002.

(56) On January 16, 2001, ALA Council, the governing body of the American Library Association, unanimously approved the following policy. The policy was written by the Americans with Disabilities Act Assembly, a representational group administered by the Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies (ASCLA), a division of the American Library Association. Accessed April 19, 2002. To help ALA Councilors understand the policy, chair, Rhea Rubin and Assembly members developed a fact sheet that explained disability law, and identified some of the myths about disabilities. (A history of the policy development is also available at http://www.ala.org/ascla/access_factsheet.html ). See also: Barbara T. Mates. Adaptive Technology for the Internet: Making Electronic Resources Accessible to All. (Chicago: ALA, 2000).

(57) Kathleen de la Peña McCook, "Poverty, Democracy, and Public Libraries." In Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty, edited by Nancy Kranich (Chicago: American Library Association, 2001) p.28.

(58) Sanford Berman, "Foreword," In Poor People and Library Services edited by Karen M. Venturella (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc, 1998), pp. 1-14. See also "American Library Association. Social Responsibilities Round Table 'Recommendations for Action in Implementing ALA's "Library Services for the Poor" Resolutions.'" Progressive Librarian 18 (Summer 2001): 74-76.

(59) American Library Association, OLOS Subcommittee on Library Services to Poor and Homeless People. Accessed May 2, 2002.

Protecting (and Extending) Access - Notes

(1) "ALA Key Action Areas." Accessed April 19, 2002. See also: "American Library Association." Actions of the ALA Council. 1999 ALA Midwinter Meeting. Libraries: An American Value (1998-99 CD#4)."Accessed May 3, 2002. Adopted by the Council of the American Library Association February 3, 1999.

Libraries in America are cornerstones of the communities they serve. Free access to the books, ideas, resources, and information in America's libraries is imperative for education, employment, enjoyment, and self-government. Libraries are a legacy to each generation, offering the heritage of the past and the promise of the future. To ensure that libraries flourish and have the freedom to promote and protect the public good in the 21st century, we believe certain principles must be guaranteed. To that end, we affirm this contract with the people we serve:

• We defend the constitutional rights of all individuals, including children and teenagers, to use the library's resources and services;

• We value our nation's diversity and strive to reflect that diversity by providing a full spectrum of resources and services to the communities we serve;

• We affirm the responsibility and the right of all parents and guardians to guide their own children's use of the library and its resources and services;

• We connect people and ideas by helping each person select and effectively use the library's resources;

• We protect each individual's privacy and confidentiality in the use of library resources and services;

• We protect the rights of individuals to express their opinions about library resources and services; We celebrate and preserve our democratic society by making available the widest possible range of viewpoints, opinions, and ideas so that all individuals have the opportunity to become lifelong learners-informed, literate, educated, and culturally enriched.

Change is constant; but these principles transcend change and endure in a dynamic technological, social, and political environment. By embracing these principles, libraries in the United States can contribute to a future that values and protects freedom of speech in a world that celebrates both our similarities and our differences, respects individuals and their beliefs, and holds all persons truly equal and free.

(2) The Office for Intellectual Freedom is charged with implementing ALA policies concerning the concept of intellectual freedom as embodied in the Library Bill of Rights, the Association's basic policy on free access to libraries and library materials. The goal of the office is to educate librarians and the general public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries. ALA. Office of Intellectual Freedom. Accessed April 19, 2002. http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/ . See also Library Bill of Rights. Accessed April 19, 2002.http://www.ala.org/work/freedom/lbr.html Interpretations of the Library Bill of Rights. Accessed April 19, 2002. http://www.ala.org/work/freedom/interprt.html. Freedom to Read. Accessed April 19, 2002. http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/freeread.html. Other Policies, Procedures, Resolutions, and Guidelines Protecting the Freedom to Read. Accessed April 19, 2002. http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/policies.html Also see American Library Association, Office for Intellectual Freedom, Intellectual Freedom Manual. Sixth Edition. (Chicago: American Library Association, 2002).

(3) Peter Watson, "The Dilemma of Fees for Service: Issues and Actions for Librarians," ALA Yearbook 1978 (Chicago: ALA, 1978), pp. xv-xxii); ALA Policy 50.3 "Free Access to Information," Pat Harris, "ALA Council," ALA Yearbook 1978 (Chicago: ALA, 1978), p. 108.

(4) David Kaser "Toward a Conceptual Foundation for a National Information Policy," a document drafted by a committee chaired on behalf of 1977-78 President, Eric Moon, was prepared as a discussion document for the 1978 Midwinter Meeting. Obtained from ALA Archives. p.1. For additional commentary see "Arthur Plotnik "Four New 'Takes' on 1978 Activity from the ALA Midwinter Meeting," American Libraries (March 1978): 132-133. The LJ critique (June 1, 1978, p. 1137-8). For great insight into the deliberative process that contributed to Eric Moon's theme and idealistic principles of "free and equitable information for all," see Kenneth F. Kister, "National Information Policy Launched," in Eric Moon: The Life and Library Times (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2002), pp. 330-334.

(5) Anne Heanue, "In Support of Democracy: The Library Role in Public Access to Government Information," in Libraries and Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty. Edited by Nancy Kranich (Chicago: American Library Association Editions, 2001), pp. 121-128.

(6) Freedom and Equality of Access to Information; A Report to the American Library Association. Commission of Freedom and Equality of Access to Information, Dan M. Lacy, Chair (Chicago: American Library Association, 1986), p.xix.

(7) Freedom and Equality of Access to Information, pp. 109-115.

(8) "Special Committee on Freedom and Equality of Access to Information" chaired by J.Dennis Day. Final Report and Recommendations, July 1988. Council Document 1987-88. CD#46.

(9) Ibid., p. 3.

(10) Ibid., p. 5.

(11) Coordinating Committee on Access to Information (CCAI), Accessed April 19, 2002. Subject Files, 1988-1994 Record Series Number: 92/24/6.Description: Files of the Coordinating Committee on Access to Information (CCAI), including a history of the committee, agendas, minutes, correspondence, source documents.

(12) Nancy C. Kranich, "The Coalition on Government Information," in Libraries, Coalitions and the Public Good ed. E.J. Josey (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1987), p. 144.

(13) Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Heim), "National Information Policy and a Mandate for Oversight by the Information Professions," Government Publications Review 13 (1986): 21-37.

(14) Louis Vagianos and Barry Leaser, "Information Policy Issues: Putting Library Policy in Context," In Rethinking the Library in the Information Age. Anne J. Mathews, series editor. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Library Programs, 1989), p. 29.

(15) Dennis J. Reynolds, Citizen Rights and Access to Electronic Information: A Collection of Background Essays Prepared for the 1991 LITA President's Program. (Chicago: ALA, Library and Information Technology Association, 1991.)

(16) Richard M. Dougherty, "Foreword," in Alan F. Westin, Using the Public Library in the Computer Age: Present Patterns, Future Possibilities (Chicago: American Library Association, 1991), p. vii.

(17) Patricia Glass Schuman, "Your Right To Know: Librarians Make It Happen," In Your Right To Know: Librarians Make It Happen: Conference Within A Conference edited by Elizabeth Curry, et.al (Chicago: American Library Association, 1992), p. 3.

(18) Tom Gaughan, "ALA Goal 2000: Planning for the Millennium," American Libraries 26 (January 1995): 17-21. The Goals:

1. ALA will be accepted by the public as a voice and source of support for the participation of people of all ages and circumstances in a free and open information society.

2. ALA will be an active formal participant in various national arenas discussing and deciding aspects of The Information Society that affect libraries and their publics.

3. ALA will have identified and will be in collaboration with other organizations and groups working for broader public participation in the development of information society issues.

4. ALA will have created a vision statement for broad distribution defining its position and role within the emerging information environment.

5. ALA will have an expanded Washington Office with greatly increased ability to learn about, analyze, share information about and shape important national information issues in addition to tracking traditional library issues.

6. ALA will have completed a five-year thematic cycle that has framed the advancement of these issues and coordinated the support of all areas of the Association in preparation for the 21st century.

7. ALA will have provided training and support to library professionals and members of the public to create an awareness of the variety of social and technical issues related to The Information Society and to provide the necessary background for promoting further dialogue at the local level.

8. ALA will have reviewed and adjusted its internal operations as a means of assisting all divisions and units in carrying out the new focus as appropriate to their sphere.

9. ALA will have redefined library information education and provided five years of training for professionals to update their skills for the new information age.

(19) American Library Association, "Office for Information Technology Policy- Annual Report, 1996-1997." Accessed April 15, 2002. Elizabeth Martinez, "Afterward," Women of Color in Librarianship ed. Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Chicago: ALA, 1998), p. 171.

(20) American Library Association. "ALAction 2005." Accessed April 19, 2002. http://www.ala.org/work/alaction2005.html

(21) American Library Association. Congress on Professional Education." Congress on Professional Education: Focus on Education for the First Professional Degree." Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/1st_congress.html

(22) Kathleen de la Peña McCook, Using Ockham's Razor: Cutting to the Center: Prepared for the Professional Concerns Committee of the Congress on Professional Education, March 1, 1999. Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/mccook.html

(23) American Library Association. Congress on Professional Education. "Recommendations-Congress for Professional Education." Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/recommendations.html

(24) American Library Association. 2nd Congress of Professional Education: Continuing Professional Development. Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/2nd_congress/ The Steering Committee for the Second Congress on Professional Education was established by the Executive Board to look at the issues and problems related to the continuing professional education of librarians and other professional library staff. The Second Congress was a natural outgrowth of the First Congress, which had focused on education leading to the first professional degree, but at which a significant interest in continuing professional development and education was evident.

(25) American Library Association. Core Values Task Force. Version 3/27/00. Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/corevalues/index.html American Library Association. 2nd Task Force on Core Values. Accessed May 5, 2002. http://www.ala.org/congress/1st_congress/corevalues_2ndtf.html

Upstream Access - Notes

(1) Thomas J. Galvin, "Forward," in An Information Agenda for the 1980s: Proceedings of a Colloquium, June 17-18, 1980 edited by Carlton C. Rochell, (Chicago: American Library Association, 1981).

(2) Patricia W. Berger, "Toward a National Information Policy: What Should we Expect from a Second White House Conference?" Library Administration and Management (spring 1991): 73-79.

(3)"The American Library Association's Recommendations for the Second White House Conference on Library and Information Services." in White House Conference on Library and Information Services, Information 2000: Library and Information Services for the 21st Century. (Washington, DC: The Conference, 1991), pp.430-442. The recommendations were the outgrowth of the common agenda developed by ALA and its 21 affiliates in 1990 and written by the ALA Ad Hoc Committee on the 1991 White House Conference on Library and Information Services and an Ad Hoc Committee of the ALA Executive Board chaired by Past-ALA President (1989-1990) Patricia Wilson Berger.

(4) A few examples of Division based papers demonstrate the strength of the American Library Association's decentralized structure regarding a comprehensive focus. As might be expected, Divisions and Round Tables examined the impact of technology on their specific areas of concern. Barbara L. Scheid, "Overview of NREN and CNI: How They Impact Your Library." Information Technology and Libraries 11 (Mar 1992):. 43-44. Noreen S. Aldrich and Thomas G. Kirk, "Transformational Potential of Networked Information: Coalition for Networked Information Conference Report." College and Research Libraries News (Jan 1993): 18.Patricia A. Wand, "Launching the National Information Infrastructure: Meeting of the President's Task Force on Information Infrastructure, September 1993." College and Research Libraries News (Nov 1993): 550. Fred M. Heath," The Emerging National Information Infrastructure: An Interview with Paul Evan Peters and Jim Neal" Library Administration and Management 7 (Fall 1993): 200-207.

(5) American Library Association. Office for Information Technology Policy. Background Reading. ALA Principles for the Development of a National Information Infrastructure. ALA Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure Policy Proceedings: Principles for the Development of a National Information Infrastructure. Accessed May 4, 2002.

(6) American Library Association. Washington Office. ALAWON Newsline. An electronic publication of the American Library Association Washington Office Volume 3, Number 65 October 28, 1994 and Volume 3, Number 68 November 21, 1994.

(7) American Library Association, "Office for Information Technology Policy- Annual Report, 1996-1997." Accessed April 15, 2002.

(8) Ibid.

(9) Betty Turock, Equity on the Information Superhighway: Inaugural Address. Chicago: American Library Association (1995).

(10) Betty Turock, "Connect or Disconnect: Scenarios for the Superhighway," American Libraries 27 (April 1996): 34. See also: Betty Turock, Envisioning a Nation Connected: Librarians Define the Public Interest in the Information Superhighway (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996). See also American Library Association. Public Information Office. "Equity on the Information Superhighway, Library Advocacy Now! Action Pack." Accessed May 4, 2002.

(11) Betty J. Turock, "Information Technology and Equity of Access," in Summary Report of the 1996 Forum on Library and Information Services Policy on Impact of Information Technology and Special Programming on Library Services to Special Populations (NCLIS, May 1996.) Accessed April 15, 2002.

(12) American Library Association. Office for Library Technology Policy. "Publications." Accessed May 4, 2002.

(13) American Library Association. Office for Library Technology Policy. "Digital Divide." Accessed May 5, 2002.

(14) Nancy Kranich, "Libraries: Insuring Information Equity in the Digital Age," American Libraries 32 (January 2001): 7. Also, especially for connection to allied organizations and scholarship, Nancy Kranich, "The Digital Divide: Recommended Sources." Accessed May 5, 2002. See and hear also Kranich' "President's Program" at Midwinter 2001, "The Digital Divide and Information Equity: Challenges and Opportunities of Librarians in the Twenty-First Century." Accessed May 5, 2002.

(15) American Library Association. "Welcome to ALA's CIPA Website." Accessed May 4, 2002. http://www.ala.org/cipa/

(16) American Library Association. CIPA. "ALA Delivers Closing Arguments in CIPA Trial." Accessed May 4, 2002.

Rocks in the Whirlpool - Notes

(1) American Library Association. Office for Information Technology Policy. "Developing an Agenda for Libraries and Information Policy Issues." Accessed May 5, 2002. See "Upstream Access. Note 5. for details on the 1993 forum.

(2) American Library Association. Office for Information Technology Policy. "Principles for the Networked World." Accessed May 5, 2002.

(3) Ibid.

(4) Sarah Ann Long, "Foreword" in Kathleen de la Peña McCook, A Place at the Table: Participating in Community Building (Chicago: American Library Association, 2000), pp. vii-ix.

(5) Nancy Kranich, ed. Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty (Chicago: American Library Association, 2001).

(6) American Library Association, 2000-2001 ALA President, Nancy Kranich. Information Literacy Community Partnerships Initiative. Accessed May 7, 2002. See also: Other ALA Divisions Information Literacy Student resources: American Association of School Librarians (AASL) Accessed May 7, 2002. Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Accessed May 7, 2002.

(7) American Library Association. 2001-2002 President John W. Berry, President's Task Force on Equity of Access/Digital Inclusion. Accessed May 5, 2002.

(8) American Library Association. Maurice (Mitch) J. Freedman. Your 2002-2003 American Library Association President-Elect. Accessed May 5, 2002.

(9) United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2001: Making New Technologies Work for Human Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).