Evoluția și etica eugeniei

Sfetcu, Nicolae Evoluția și etica eugeniei., 2018 [Preprint]

[thumbnail of Evolutia_si_etica_eugeniei-Nicolae_Sfetcu-G.pdf]
Preview
 Text
Evolutia_si_etica_eugeniei-Nicolae_Sfetcu-G.pdf
Download (389kB) | Preview

English abstract

As eugenics is defined, it is very difficult to make a clear distinction between science (medicine, genetic engineering) and eugenics. And to establish a line over which genetic engineering should not cross, according to moral, legal and religious norms. As long as we accept the help of genetics in finding ways to fight cancer, diabetes or HIV, we also implicitly accept positive eugenics, according to the current definition. And as long as we accept genetic screening, and interventions on the unborn fetus, or abortion, we also implicitly accept negative eugenics. Furthermore, at the level of governments, although eugenics is officially repudiated, it was legalized in many countries until recently, and is still accepted and legalized, albeit in more subtle forms, even today. In the Introduction I define the term and ways of classification. Next is the History of eugenics starting from the ancient period, the introduction of eugenics by Francis Galton, the practice of eugenics as a state policy in various countries, and current eugenics (liberal eugenics). I then analyze various issues raised by the Ethics of Liberal Eugenics, and have developed a separate section for The Future of Eugenics, focusing on the Human Genome Project. Finally, in the Conclusions section I present my personal views on the current practice of eugenics.

Romanian abstract

Așa cum este definită eugenia, este foarte dificil de făcut o diferențiere clară între știință (medicină, ingineria genetică) și eugenie. Și de stabilit o linie peste care ingineria genetică nu ar trebui să treacă, conform unor norme morale, juridice și religioase. Atâta timp cât acceptăm ajutorul geneticii în găsirea unor modalități de combatere a cancerului, diabetului sau HIV, acceptăm în mod implicit și eugenia pozitivă, conform definiției actuale. Și atâta timp cât acceptăm screening-ul genetic, și intervenții asupra fătului nenăscut, sau avortul, acceptăm în mod implicit și eugenia negativă. În plus, la nivel de guverne, deși oficial eugenia este repudiată, ea a fost legalizată în foarte multe țări până de curând, și încă mai este acceptată și legalizată, chiar dacă în forme mai subtile, și în prezent. În Introducere definesc termenul și modurile de clasificare. Urmează Istoria eugeniei pornind din perioada antică, introducerea eugeniei de Francis Galton, practica eugeniei ca politică de stat în diverse țări, și eugenia actuală (eugenia liberală). Analizez apoi diverse probleme ridicate de Etica eugeniei liberale, și am dezvoltat o secțiune aparte pentru Viitorul eugeniei, cu accent pe proiectul genomului uman. În final, în secțiunea Concluzii expun opiniile personale cu privire la practica actuală a eugeniei.

Item type: Preprint
Keywords: eugenia, etica, genetica, eugenism
Subjects: G. Industry, profession and education. > GH. Education.
Depositing user: Nicolae Sfetcu
Date deposited: 26 Jun 2023 06:32
Last modified: 26 Jun 2023 06:32
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10760/44472

References

Agar, Nicholas. 2004. Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement. 1 edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Anomaly, Jonathan. 2017. “Defending Eugenics.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2848702. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2848702.

Beauchamp, Tom L. 1979. “Principles of Biomedical Ethics - Paperback - Oxford University Press.” 1979. https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/principles-of-biomedical-ethics-9780199924585?cc=ro&lang=en&.

Becke, Gary. 1981. “A Treatise on the Family — Gary S. Becker | Harvard University Press.” 1981. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674906990.

Bell, Alexander Graham. 1969. Memoir Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race. Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, Inc.

Bennett, Rebecca. 2009. “The Fallacy of the Principle of Procreative Beneficence.” Bioethics 23 (5): 265–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00655.x.

Blom, Philipp. 2008. The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900-1914. First Edition edition. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.

Bobrow, M. 1995. “Redrafted Chinese Law Remains Eugenic.” Journal of Medical Genetics 32 (6): 409–409. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.32.6.409.

Boorse, Christopher. 1975. “On the Distinction Between Disease and Illness.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 5 (1): 49–68.

Boulter, Michael, ed. 2017. “The Rise of Eugenics, 1901–14.” In Bloomsbury Scientists, 102–14. Science and Art in the Wake of Darwin. UCL Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm8sr.12.

Braude, Peter, Susan Pickering, Frances Flinter, and Caroline Mackie Ogilvie. 2002. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” Nature Reviews. Genetics 3 (12): 941–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg953.

Buchanan, Allen. 2011. Better than Human: The Promise and Perils of Enhancing Ourselves. Oxford University Press.

Buxton, Richard, ed. 2001. From Myth to Reason?: Studies in the Development of Greek Thought. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Candland, Douglas. 2011. “Human Progress’ through Eugenics: The Psychology of Mental Fossils: Toward an Archeopsychology.” Retrieved October. https://www.academia.edu/469766/The_Psychology_of_mental_fossils_Toward_an_archeopsychology.

Capron, Alexander Morgan. 1985. “Unsplicing the Gordian Knot.” In Genetics and the Law III, 23–35. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4952-5_3.

Claeys, Gregory. 2000. “The ‘Survival of the Fittest’ and the Origins of Social Darwinism.” Journal of the History of Ideas 61 (2): 223–40. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2000.0014.

Cooke, Kathy J. 2002. “Duty or Dream? Edwin G. Conklin’s Critique of Eugenics and Support for American Individualism.” Journal of the History of Biology 35 (2): 365–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4331737.

Crick, Francis. 1963. “Eugenics and Genetics.” In Man and His Future; a Ciba Foundation Volume., [1st American ed.]. Boston,: Little, Brown,. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35884.

Darwin, Charles. 1882. “The Descent Of Man, and Selection In Relation To Sex by Darwin, Charles.” 1882. https://www.biblio.com/the-descent-of-man-and-by-darwin-charles/work/23364.

Davenport, Charles B. 1921. “Research in Eugenics.” Science 54 (1400): 391–97. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.54.1400.391.

Davis, Dena. 2009. Genetic Dilemmas: Reproductive Technology, Parental Choices, and Children’s Futures. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Dikötter, Frank. 1998. Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects and Eugenics in China. Hurst.

Dubler, Nancy Neveloff, Thomas H. Murray, Jeremy Rifkin, Lee Salk, and Lewis H. Lapham. 1987. “‘Forum: Ethics in Embryo’ by Nancy Neveloff Dubler, Thomas H. Murr..., The Harpers Monthly, September 1987.” UNZ.Org. 1987. http://www.unz.org/Pub/Harpers-1987sep-00037.

Dyck, Arthur J. 1973. “Ethics and Medicine.” The Linacre Quarterly 40 (3): 182–200.

Feinberg, Joel. 2007. “The Child’s Right to an Open Future.” In Philosophy of Education: An Anthology, edited by Randall R. Curren. Blackwell.

Fletcher, John C., and Dorothy C. Wertz. 1990. “Ethics, Law, and Medical Genetics: After the Human Genome Is Mapped.” Emory Law Journal 39 (3): 747–809.

Fletcher, Joseph F. 1974. The Ethics of Genetic Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette: Artificial Insemination, Surrogate Pregnancy, Nonsexual Reproduction, Genetic Control. Prometheus Books, Publishers.

Fox, Dov. 2012. “The Illiberality of Liberal Eugenics.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1072104. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1072104.

Freund, Paul A. 1972. “Can Man Control His Biological Evolution? A Symposium on Genetic Engineering. Xeroxing Human Beings.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

Friedman, JM. 1981. “Significance of Genetic Diseases.” In Genetic Screening and Counseling: A Multidisciplinary Perspective : Proceedings of a Conference on Genetic Screening and Counseling. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd.

Galton, David J. 2002. Eugenics: The Future of Human Life in the 21st Century. London: Abacus.

Galton, Francis. 1869. “Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences.” 1869. http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/.

———. 1983. “Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development.” 1983. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8573782-inquiries-into-human-faculty-and-its-development.

Galton, Sir Francis. 1908. Memories of My Life. Methuen & Company.

Glad, John. 2006. Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century. First Edition edition. Schuylkill Haven, PA: Hermitage.

Glover, Jonathan. 2008. Choosing Children: Genes, Disability, and Design. Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Gosney, Ezra S., and Paul Bowman Popenoe. 1930. Sterilization for Human Betterment. Macmillan Company.

Green, Ronald M. 2008. Babies by Design. https://books.google.com/books/about/Babies_by_Design.html?id=-Rvjimmw_AcC.

Gyngell, Christopher, and Michael Selgelid. 2017. “Twenty-First-Century Eugenics,” February. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.7.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1876. “The History of Creation by Ernst Haeckel.” 1876. http://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/1876-Haeckel-HistCrea/Vol-I/htm/doc.html.

Haller, Mark H. 1963. Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. Rutgers University Press.

Harding, John. 2012. “Beyond Abortion: Human Genetics and the New Eugenics.” Pepperdine Law Review 18 (3). https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol18/iss3/3.

Hawkins, Mike. 1997. Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge University Press.

Hodge, Jonathan, and Gregory Radick, eds. 2009. The Cambridge Companion to Darwin. 2nd edition. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hutton, Richard. 1978. Bio-Revolution: DNA and the Ethics of Man-Made Life. 1st edition. New York: New American Library - Mentor Books.

Huxley, Julian. 1947. “UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington D.C. 1947).” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000681/068197eo.pdf.

Indiana Supreme Court Courtroom. 2007. “Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough: Reflections on 100 Years of Eugenics in Indiana.” The Indiana Supreme Court Legal History Lecture Series. http://www.iupui.edu/~eugenics/CLE_Eugenics_Flyer.pdf.

International Bioethics Committee. 2015. “Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights.” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233258E.pdf.

Ioannou, Panayiotis. 1999. The Ethics of Genetic Screening | Ruth F. Chadwick | Springer. //www.springer.com/la/book/9780792356141.

Jacobs, S. B. 1977. “A Religious Response to Tay-Sachs Disease Screening and Prevention.” Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 18: 75–80.

Kehl, Renato. 1931. “3.—In Brazil.” The Eugenics Review 23 (3): 234–37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985066/.

Kevles, Daniel J. 1985. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Harvard University Press.

Keynes, John Maynard. 1946. “Opening Remarks: The Galton Lecture.” Eugenics Review 38.

Kidd, Benjamin. 1894. Social Evolution. Macmillan and Company.

Kimura, Rihito. 1991. “The National Eugenic Law, Jurisprudence in Genetics.” 1991. http://www.bioethics.jp/licht_genetics.html.

King, P. A. 1979. “The Juridical Status of the Fetus: A Proposal for Legal Protection of the Unborn.” Michigan Law Review 77 (7): 1647–87.

Kühl, Stefan. 2002. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Leroi, Armand Marie. 2006. “The Future of Neo‐eugenics: Now That Many People Approve the Elimination of Certain Genetically Defective Fetuses, Is Society Closer to Screening All Fetuses for All Known Mutations?” EMBO Reports 7 (12): 1184–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400860.

Lock, Margaret, Allan Young, and Alberto Cambrosio, eds. 2000. Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies: Intersections of Inquiry. Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.

Loon, Borin van. 1980. “A Buddhist Perspective.” GENETICS AND SOCIETY, G. Oosthuizen, H. Shapiro & S. Strauss eds, 148: 154–55.

Ludmerer, Kenneth M. 1969. “American Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement: 1905-1935.” Journal of the History of Biology 2 (2): 337–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330522.

Lynn, Richard. 2001a. Eugenics: A Reassessment. Greenwood Publishing Group.

———. 2001b. “The Implementation of Classical Eugenics.” The New Eugenics.

MacKenzie, Donald. 1976. “Eugenics in Britain.” Social Studies of Science 6 (3–4): 499–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277600600310.

MacKenzie, Donald A. 1981. Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge. First Edition edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ Pr.

Mauzy, Diane K., and Robert Stephen Milne. 2002. Singapore Politics Under the People’s Action Party. Psychology Press.

McGregor, Russell. 1997. Imagined Destinies: Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1880-1939. Melbourne University Press.

McMillan, Joanna. 2006. Sex, Science and Morality in China. Taylor & Francis.

Melo-Martin, Immaculada de. 2004. “On Our Obligation to Select the Best Children: A Reply to Savulescu.” Bioethics 18 (1): 72–83.

Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On Liberty. J. W. Parker and Son.

Myers, B. R. 2010. The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. Melville House.

Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books.

Nyiszli, Miklós. 1960. Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account. Arcade Publishing.

Parens, Erik. 1998. Is Better Always Good?: The Enhancement Project. Hastings Center.

Parker, Michael. 2007. “The Best Possible Child. - PubMed - NCBI.” 2007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17470505.

Pizzulli, Francis C. 1974. “Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering: A Constitutional Assessment of the Technology of Cloning.” 7562. February 1974. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/538796.

Platner, Samuel Ball, and Thomas Ashby. 1929. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press, H. Milford.

Plato. 360AD. “The Republic, by Plato.” 360AD. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm.

Plutarch. 102AD. “Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans.” 102AD. https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/lives/.

Porter, Dorothy. 1999. “Eugenics and the Sterilization Debate in Sweden and Britain Before World War II.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 (2): 145–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468759950115773.

Ramsey, Paul. 1970. Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control. 1st Paperback Edition edition. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1979. “Genetic Engineering: Less Than Fully Adequate Arguments.” Hastings Center Report 9 (6): 46–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/3561676.

Randall, Hansen. 2005. “Eugenics.” ABC-CLIO Immigration and Asylum from 1990 to Present. http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1467C.

Rawls, John. 2005. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.

Robertson, John A. 1985. “Genetic Alteration of Embryos.” In Genetics and the Law III, 115–33. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4952-5_11.

Ruse. 1978. “The Dangers of Unrestricted Research: The Case of Recombinant DNA.” RECOMBINANT DNA: SCIENCE, ETHICS AND POLITICS.

Ruse, Michael, and Edward O. Wilson. 1986. “Moral Philosophy as Applied Science.” Philosophy 61 (236): 173–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3750474.

Salgirli, Sanem Güvenç. 2011. “Eugenics for the Doctors: Medicine and Social Control in 1930s Turkey.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 66 (3): 281–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrq040.

Sandel, Michael J. 2007. “The Case against Perfection — Michael J. Sandel | Harvard University Press.” 2007. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674036383.

Sara, Goering. 2014. “Eugenics,” July. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/eugenics/.

Savulescu, Julian, and Guy Kahane. 2008. The Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life. Vol. 23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00687.x.

Saxton, Marsha. 2000. “Why Members of the Disability Community Oppose Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion.” 229823. 2000. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/522840.

Silver, L. M. 2000. “Reprogenetics: Third Millennium Speculation. The Consequences for Humanity When Reproductive Biology and Genetics Are Combined.” EMBO Reports 1 (5): 375–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kvd096.

Sparrow, Robert. 2011. “Liberalism and Eugenics.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 89 (3): 499–517.

Stern, Alexandra Minna. 2005. Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Tooby, John. 2016. “The Race Between Genetic Meltdown and Germline Engineering.” https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26714.

Tribe, Laurence H. 1973. “Technology Assessment and the Fourth Discontinuity: The Limits of Instrumental Rationality.” Eweb:5066. June 1973. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/765574.

Van den Veyver, Ignatia B., and Arthur L. Beaudet. 2006. “Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Prenatal Diagnosis.” Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 18 (2): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gco.0000192986.22718.cc.

Wurmbrand, Marcia Joy. 1986. “Frozen Embryos: Moral, Social, and Legal Implications.” Southern California Law Review 59 (5): 1079–1100.


Downloads

Downloads per month over past year

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item
Contact us
Send email Sponsors
Sponsor: AIMS Sponsor: D&P Sponsor: UniNa CAB Get connected
Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Linkedin LinkedIn RSS RSS