Third world countries (TWC) research publications by disciplines: A country-by-country citation analysis

1. P. BOURKE, L. BUTLER, B. BIGLIA, Monitoring Research in the Periphery: Australia and the ISI hTdices, Research evaluation and policy project monograph series No. 3. Canberra, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University, 1996, p. 1.

2. B. CRON1N, The Citation Process: The Role and Signi]~cance of Citations in Scientific Communication, Oxford: Taylor Graham, 1984, p. 17.

3. S. ARUNACHALAM, K. MANORAMA, Are citation-based quantitative techniques adequate for measuring science on the periphery? Scientometrics, 15 (1989) 393-408.

4. S. ARUNACHALAM, K. MANORAMA, How do journals on the periphery compare with mainstream scientific journals? Scientometrics, 14 (1988) 83-95.

5. E. GARFIELD, Mapping science in the Third World, Science and Public Policy, 10 (1983) No. 3, 112-127.

6. F. OSAREH, C. S. WILSON, Scientific productivity and impact of the Third World Countries (TWC): A citation study. In: Proceedings of the F~'fth International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics andlnfi)rmetrics. Rosary College. June 7-10, 1995. Medford, NJ., Learned Information, 1995, pp. 403-412.

7. B. REEVES, C. BORGMAN, A bibliometric evaluation of core journals in communication research, Human Communication Research, 10 (1983) No. 1, 119-136.

8. A detailed explanation of the data collection procedures and methodology can be obtained from the following PhD dissertation: F. OSAREH, Evaluation and Measurement of Third World Countries" Research Publications: A Citation and Country-by-Country Citation Study. PhD Dissertation. Sydney, UNSW, Australia, University of New South Wales, School of Information, Library and Archive Studies, 1996.

9. Science Citation Index 1985-1989: Five Year Cumulation: an International Interdisciplinary Index to the Literature of Science, Medicine, Agriculture, Technology, and the Behavioral Sciences, Guide and lists of source publications, Philadelphia, ISI Press, 1991, pp. 113-131.

10. H. SMALL, E. GARFIELD, The geography of science: disciplinary and national mapping, Journal of Information Science, 11 (1985) No. 4, 147-159.

11. For aggregating the 128 subfields to seven major fields, the Library of Congress Subject Heading (LCSH) 15th ed. 1992 was used as a guide to find out which subfield belonged to which ISI scientific field. The subject fields of the documents which were published in a multidisciplinary journal were

inspected and added to the appropriate field in each file for each country.

12 Calculations for observed and expected rates are based on Small & Garfield, 1985, p. 151. See reference in footnote [10] above.

13 G. T. KURIAN (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the Third World, 4th ed. New York, Facts on File, 3 vols, 1992. Scientometrics 39 (1997) 265. This program was started in the mid-1980s; it was intended to form links between scientists in the European Community (EC) and their colleagues in the Asian, Latin American and Mediterranean (ALAMed) countries. The program provides one-year post-doctoral fellowships to ALAMed scientists to visit an EC laboratory for planning joint research projects; holds workshops to focus and stimulate research; and helps in the submission of fellowships and research project proposals. See Ref. 13 below.

15. G. LEWISON, A. FAWCETI'-JONES, C. KESSLER, Latin American scientific output 1986-91 and international co-authorship patterns, Scientometrics, 27 (1993) 317-336.

16. Reasons for exclusion of India were articulated in the paper by Osareh & Wilson (1995). See Ref. 6 above.

17. W. W. GIBBS, Lost science in the Third World, Scientific American, 273 (1995) No. 2, 76-83.

18. In this study, the high country self-citing reported refers only to publications which are in internationally refereed journals and therefore are indexed by the Science Citation hMex as source publications; these publications do not include 'domestic' journals.