Infodemia global. Desórdenes informativos, narrativas fake y fact-checking en la crisis de la Covid-19 // Global infodemic: Information disorders, false narratives, and fact checking during the Covid-19 crisis

García-Marín, David Infodemia global. Desórdenes informativos, narrativas fake y fact-checking en la crisis de la Covid-19 // Global infodemic: Information disorders, false narratives, and fact checking during the Covid-19 crisis. Profesional de la información, 2020, vol. 29, n. 4. [Journal article (Unpaginated)]

[thumbnail of garcia.pdf]
Preview
 Text
garcia.pdf - Published version
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
Download (3MB) | Preview

English abstract

Covid-19 has triggered not only a pandemic that endangers our social, economic, and health systems but also an infodemic resulting from the prolific spread of fake news, hoaxes, and misleading content. From a statistical-descriptive perspective and using content analysis, this research analyzes the information disorders, media language, and narratives that carry the disinformation generated about Covid-19 at an international level. The analysis focuses on determining its frequency of occurrence, based on the time it takes to be verified and establishing the relationship between the spread of the virus and the prevalence of disinformation on different continents. A sample of 582 fake news items included in the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) database on the novel coronavirus was analyzed. This information was divided into a general sample made up of 511 pieces of disinformation and a specific one on fake news spread throughWhatsApp (n=71). The results partially confirm recent studies that reported a greater prevalence of information that reconfigures legitimate content and takes longer to be verified than fully fabricated content. Disinformation in textual form predominates over the production of images and audios. Video content required longer verification times in comparison with the other media formats. Disinformation about Covid-19 includes narratives with a dynamic and changing character as the pandemic expands. Likewise, a parallelism between the geographical evolution of the pandemic and the spread of the infodemic is detected, as well as specific disinformation patterns on WhatsApp, where more audio-based disinformation and a higher percentage of fabricated content is shared, sometimes for criminal purposes.

Spanish abstract

La Covid-19 no sólo ha desencadenado una pandemia que pone en peligro los sistemas sociales, económicos y sanitarios a nivel global, sino también una infodemia donde proliferan las informaciones falsas, los bulos y las noticias sesgadas. Desde una perspectiva estadístico-descriptiva y utilizando el análisis de contenido, en este estudio se analizan los desórdenes informativos, los lenguajes mediáticos y las narrativas que portan la desinformación generada sobre la Covid-19 a nivel internacional. El objetivo del análisis se centra en determinar las frecuencias de aparición de estas noticias falsas, conocer el tiempo que tardan en ser verificadas y establecer la relación entre la expansión del virus y la prevalencia de la desinformación en los diferentes continentes. Para ello, se analizó una muestra de 582 noticias falsas incluidas en la base de datos sobre el nuevo coronavirus de la International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Estas informaciones se dividieron en una muestra general compuesta por 511 piezas y una específica sobre la desinformación compartida a través de WhatsApp (n=71). Los resultados confirman parcialmente recientes estudios que afirman que las informaciones falsas que reconfiguran contenidos verídicos tienen más prevalencia y tardan más en ser verificadas que los contenidos completamente fabricados. La desinformación en formas textuales predomina frente a la producción de imágenes y audios. Los contenidos en vídeo registran tiempos de verificación muy superiores al resto de producciones. La desinformación sobre la Covid-19 integra narrativas con un carácter dinámico y cambiante a medida que la pandemia se expande. Asimismo, se detecta un paralelismo entre la evolución geográfica de la pandemia y la expansión de la infodemia, así como unos patrones desinformativos específicos en WhatsApp, donde se propagan más audios y un mayor porcentaje de contenido completamente falso, en ocasiones con fines delictivos.

Item type: Journal article (Unpaginated)
Keywords: Pandemics; Infodemics; Covid-19; Coronavirus; Disinformation; Information disorders; Post-truth; Verification; Fact checking; Fake news; Digital platforms; Misleading content; Health information; WhatsApp; Pandemias; Infodemias; Covid-19; Coronavirus; Desinformación; Desórdenes informativos; Posverdad; Bulos; Verificación; Verificación de hechos; Fake news; Plataformas digitales; Noticias engañosas; Información de salud; WhatsApp.
Subjects: B. Information use and sociology of information > BJ. Communication
H. Information sources, supports, channels. > HT. Web 2.0, Social networks
Depositing user: Dr. Nicoleta-Roxana Dinu
Date deposited: 25 Aug 2020 13:04
Last modified: 25 Aug 2020 13:04
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10760/40345

References

Andrejevic, Marc B. (2020). “The political function of fake news: Disorganized propaganda in the era of automated media”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 19-28. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Aparici, Roberto; García-Marín, David (coords.) (2019). La posverdad. Una cartografía de los medios, las redes y la poltica. Barcelona: Gedisa. ISBN: 978 84 17690 49 6

Aparici, Roberto; García-Marín, David; Rincón-Manzano, Laura (2019). “Noticias falsas, bulos y trending topics. Anatomía y estrategias de la desinformación en el conflicto catalán”. El profesional de la información, v. 28, n. 3, e280313. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.13

Bakir, Vian (2010). “Media and risk: old and new research directions”. Journal of risk research, v. 13, n. 1, pp. 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870903135953

Bartlett, Jamie (2018). The people vs tech. How the internet is killing democracy (and how we save it). Londres: Penguin Random House. ISBN: 978 1 78 503 906 5

Berinsky, Adam J. (2015). “Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation”. British journal of political science, v. 47, n. 2, pp. 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186

Bowman, Nicholas-David; Cohen, Elizabeth (2020). “Mental shorcuts, emotion, and social rewards: the challenge of detecting and resisting fake news”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 223-234. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Boyd, Danah (2017). “Did media literacy backfire?”. Points, 5 January. https://points.datasociety.net/did-media-literacy-backfire-7418c084d88d

Brennen, J. Scott; Simon, Felix; Howard, Philip N.; Kleis-Nielsen, Rasmus (2020). “Types, sources, and claims of Covid-19 misinformation”. Reuters Institute, 7 April. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation

Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2020). “Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak”. El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2, e290223. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23

Cea-Esteruelas, Nereida (2018). “La fotografía periodística y los social media: la jornada del 1 de octubre en Cataluña”. Miguel Hernández communication journal, v. 2, n. 9, pp. 359-377. https://doi.org/10.21134/mhcj.v0i9.260

Cinelli, Matteo; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Valensise, Carlo-Michele; Brugnoli, Emanuele; Schmidt, Ana-Lucía; Zola, Paola; Zollo, Fabiana; Scala, Antonio (2020). The Covid-19 social media infodemic. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05004

Cloud, Dana L. (2018). Reality bites: rhetoric and the circulation of truth claims in U.S. political culture. Columbus: Ohio University Press. ISBN: 978 0 8142 1361 2

Comisión Europea (2018). Understanding citizens’ vulnerabilities to disinformation and data-driven propaganda. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3ada7fb3-7d04-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1

Corbetta, Piergiorgio (2007). Metodologías y técnicas de investigación social. Madrid. Mc Graw Hill/Interamericana de España, SA. ISBN: 978 84 481 5610 7

Coromina, Òscar; Padilla, Adrián (2018). “Análisis de las desinformaciones del referéndum del 1 de octubre detectadas por Maldito Bulo”. Quaderns del CAC, v. 21, n. 44, pp. 17-26. https://www.cac.cat/sites/default/files/2019-01/Q44_Coromina_Padilla_ES.pdf

D’Ancona, Matthew (2017). Post-truth. The new war on truth and how to fight back. Londres: Penguin Random House. ISBN: 978 1 78 503 687 3

Festinger, Leon; Riecken, Henry W.; Schachter, Stanley (1956). When prophecy fails: a social and psychological study of a modern group that predict the destruction of the world. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Fiske, Susan T.; Taylor, Shelley E. (2013). Social cognition: from brains to culture. Los Angeles: SAGE. ISBN: 978 1 44 625 815 6

Gallotti, Ricardo; Valle, Francesco; Castaldo, Nicola; Sacco, Pierluigi; De-Domenico, Manlio (2020). “Assessing the risks of ‘infodemics’ in response to Covid-19 epidemics”. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057968

Gillespie, Tarleton (2020). “Platforms throw content moderation at every problem”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 329-340. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Giotta, Gina (2020). “Ways of seeing… what you want: flexible visuality and image politics in the post-truth era”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 29-44. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Han, Byung-Chul (2017). La expulsión de lo distinto. Barcelona: Herder Editorial. ISBN: 978 84 254 3965 0

Hoffner, Cynthia A.; Fujioka, Yuki; Ye, Jiali; Ibrahim, Amal G. S. (2009). “Why we watch: factors affecting exposure to tragic television news”. Mass communication and society, v. 12, n. 2, pp. 193-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430802095042

Imhoff, Roland; Lamberty, Pia-Karoline (2017). “Too special to be duped: Need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs”. European journal of social psychology, v. 47, n. 6, pp. 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2265

Kim, Louis; Fast, Shannon M.; Markuzon, Natasha (2019). “Incorporating media data into a model of infectious disease transmission”. PloS one, v. 14, n. 2, e0197646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197646

Kouzy, Ramez; Abi-Jaoude, Joseph; Kraitem, Afif; El-Alam, Molly B.; Karam, Basil; Adib, Elio; Zarka, Jabra; Traboulsi, Cindy; Akl, Elie W.; Baddour, Khalil (2020). “Coronavirus goes viral: Quantifying the Covid-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter”. Cureus, v. 12, n. 3, e7255. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255

Lanier, Jaron (2018). Ten arguments for deleting your social media accounts right now. Londres: The Bodley Head. ISBN: 978 1 84 792 539 8

Leitner, Stephan (2020). On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08917

Mantzarlis, Alexios (2018). “Fact-checking 101”. In: Ireton, Cherilyn; Pose, Julie. Journalism, fake news & disinformation: Handbook for journalism education and training. Francia: Unesco, pp. 85-100. ISBN: 978 923 100 281 6

Metaxas, Panagiotis-Takis (2020). “Technology, propaganda, and the limits of the human intellect”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 245-255. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

McIntyre, Lee (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 504 5

Moulding, Richard; Nix-Carnell, Simon; Nedeljkovic, Maja; Burnside, Emma E.; Lentini, Aaron F.; Mehzabin, Nazia (2016). “Better the devil you know than a world you don’t? Intolerance of uncertainty and worldview explanations for belief in conspiracy theories”. Personality and individual differences, v. 98, pp. 345-354 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.060

Paris, Britt; Donovan, Joan (2019). Deepfakes and cheap fakes: The manipulation of audio and visual evidence. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/DS_Deepfakes_Cheap_FakesFinal-1-1.pdf

Pariser, Eli (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Londres: Penguin. ISBN: 978 0 241954522

Peters, Michael A.; Jandric, Petar; McLaren, Peter (2020). “Viral modernity? Epidemics, infodemics, and the bioinformational paradigm”. Educational philosophy and theory, 30 March. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1744226

Phillips, Whitney (2020). “You’re fake news: the problem with accusations of falsehood”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 55-64. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Polage, Danielle (2020). “Source credibility and belief in fake news: I’ll believe you if you agree with me”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 235-244. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Poynter (2020). The international fact-checking network. https://www.poynter.org/ifcn

Raab, Marius H.; Ortlieb, Stefan A.; Auer, Nikolas; Gutmann, Klara; Carbon, Claus-Christian (2013). “Thirty shades of truth: conspiracy theories as stories on individuation, not a pathological delusion”. Frontiers in psychology, v. 4, 406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00406

Redondo, Myriam (2018). Verificación digital para periodistas. Manual contra bulos y desinformación internacional. Barcelona: UOC. ISBN: 978 84 9180 129 0

Reis, Julio; Benevenuto, Fabrício; Vaz-de-Melo, Pedro O. S.; Prates, Raquel; Kwak, Haewoon; An, Jisun (2015). Breaking the news: first impressions matter on online news. https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07921

Rothkopf, David J. (2003). “When the buzz bites back”. Washingtonpost.com, 11 May. http://www1.udel.edu/globalagenda/2004/student/readings/infodemic.html

Rubio-Moraga, Ángel; Donofrio, Andrea (2019). “El periodismo de datos como antídoto de la posverdad”. En: Aparici, Roberto; García-Marín, David. La posverdad. Una cartografía de los medios, las redes y la política. Barcelona: Gedisa, pp. 131-144. ISBN: 978 84 17690 49 6

Torres-Salinas, Daniel (2020). “Ritmo de crecimiento diario de la producción científica sobre Covid-19. Análisis en bases de datos y repositorios en acceso abierto”. El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2, e290215. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.15

Valera, Sergio J. (2020). “Cristina Tardáguila: ‘Estamos ante la peor ola de desinformación de la historia’”. Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, 22 abril. https://www.apmadrid.es/cristina-tardaguila-estamos-ante-la-peor-ola-de-desinformacion-de-la-historia

Vázquez-Herrero, Jorge; Vizoso, Ángel; López-García, Xosé (2019). “Innovación tecnológica y comunicativa para combatir la desinformación: 135 experiencias para un cambio de rumbo”. El profesional de la información, v. 28, n. 3, e280301. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.01

Wardle, Claire (2019). First draft’s essential guide to understanding information disorder. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf

Wardle, Claire (2020). “Journalism and the new information ecosystem: responsibilities and challenges”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 71-86. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Zarocostas, John (2020). “How to fight an infodemic”. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10225, p. 676. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30461-X/fulltext

Zillmann, Dolf (2009). “Exemplification theory: judging the whole by some of its parts”. Media psychology, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5

Zimdars, Melissa (2020). “Viral fake news lists and the limitations of labeling and fact-checking”. In: Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew. Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 361-372. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7

Zimdars, Melissa; McLeod, Kembrew (2020). Fake news and misinformation in the digital age. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN: 978 0 26 253 836 7


Downloads

Downloads per month over past year

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item
Contact us
Send email Sponsors
Sponsor: AIMS Sponsor: D&P Sponsor: UniNa CAB Get connected
Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Linkedin LinkedIn RSS RSS